Combining European Earth Observation products with Dynamic Global Vegetation Models for estimating Essential Biodiversity Variables

Figures & data

Table 1. Selected bio-geophysical products (BGP) from current global, freely available remote sensing platforms, relevant for the development of Essential Biodiversity Variable indicators, as well as examples of DGVM studies which used these products.

Product	Provider	Platform	Acquisition Period	Temporal Resolution	Spatial Resolution (km)	DGVMs with integration (Copernicus in bold)
Albedo (A)	NOAA	AVHRR	1981 - present	Daily	1	INCCA^[1], JSBACH^[32], LPJmL^[8]
	NASA	MODIS	2000 - present	Daily	0.5
	ESA	PROBA-V/SPOT	1998 - present	10 Days	1
Leaf Area Index (LAI)	NOAA	AVHRR	1981 - present	Daily	1 km	LPJ^[2][3], DALEC2^[4], CLM^[5], ORCHIDEE^[30], JeDi^[31]
	NASA	MODIS	2000 - present	4 Days	0.5
	ESA	PROBA-V/SPOT	1999 - present	10 Days	1 (0.3 after 2014)
fAPAR	NOAA	AVHRR	1981 - present	Daily	1 km	LPJ^[6][8][13][38], LPX^[6], ORCHIDEE^[7], CCDAS/BETHY^[9][10][11], CCDAS/JSBACH^[12]
	NASA	MODIS	2000 - present	4 Days	0.5
	ESA	PROBA-V/SPOT	1999 - present	10 Days	1 (0.3 after 2014)
Vegetation Indices (VI)	NOAA	AVHRR	1981 - present	Daily	1 km	ORCHIDEE^[14], VEGAS^[33], OCN^[33], LPJ^[33], JULES^[33], CLM4.5^[33] SEIB-DGVM^[34]
	NASA	MODIS	2000 - present	16 Days	0.25
	ESA	PROBA-V/SPOT	1999 - present	10 Days	1 (0.3 after 2016)
Temperature (T)	NASA	MODIS	2000 - present	5 min	1	ORCHIDEE^[30]
	ESA	PROBA-V/SPOT	1998 - present	Hourly	5
Vegetation Continuous Fields/Global Forest Cover Change (VCF/GFCC)	NASA	LANDSAT	2000 - present	Yearly	0.03	JSBACH^[32]
	ESA	–	–	–	–
Land Cover (LC)	NASA	MODIS	2001 - present	Yearly	0.5	CanESM2^[39][40], GFDL-ESM2G^[39][40], HadGEM2-ES^[39][40], Inmcm4^[39][40], IPSL-CM5A-MR^[39][40], MIROC-ESM^[39][40], MPI-ESM-LR^[39][40], LPJ^[15], ORCHIDEE^[30][37], JULES^[36][37]. JSBACH^[37]
	ESA	MERIS, PROBA-V, SPOT-VGT, AVHRR	1992 - 2015	Yearly	0.3
Burned Area (BA)	NASA	MODIS	2000 - present	Monthly	0.5	LPJ^[6][15], LPX^[6], LPJmL^[8], JSBACH-SPITFIRE^[18][35], JULES^[16][35], ORCHIDEE^[17][30][35], CLM-DGVM^[19][35][41], CTEM^[20][35], LPJ-GUESS-SPITFIRE^[21][35], LPJ-GUESS-SIMFIRE-BLAZE^[22][35]
	ESA	PROBA-V	2014 - present	10 Days	0.3
Evapotranspiration (ET)	NASA	MODIS	2001 - present	8 Days	0.5	ORCHIDEE^[30]
	ESA	–	–	–	–
Net Primary Production (NPP)	NASA	MODIS	2001 - present	Yearly	0.5	LPJ^[6][33], LPX^[6], HYBRID^[23], JeDi^[23][31], JULES^[23][33], LPJmL^[23][24], ORCHIDEE^[23][30], SDGVM^[23], VISIT^[23], CLM^[5][33], VEGAS^[33], OCN^[33]
	ESA	PROBA-V/SPOT	1999 - present	10 Days	1 (0.3 after 2014)
Fractional Vegetation Cover (FVC)	NASA	MODIS (VCF)	2001 - 2017	Yearly	0.25	LPJ^[6], LPX^[6], LPJmL^[8]
	ESA	PROBA-V/SPOT	1999 - present	10 Days	1 (0.3 after 2016)
Chlorophyll Fluorescence (SIF)	NASA	–	–	–	–	TRIF-FID^[25], LPJ^[25], LPJ-GUESS^[25], CLM4-CN^[25], ORCHIDEE^[25], OCN^[25], SDGVM^[25], VEGAS^[25], BETHY/SCOPE^[26], ORCHIDEE^[27], JSBACH^[28]
	ESA	METOP-GOME2/GOSAT-FTS	2009 - present	3 Days	0.5
	ESA	SMOS	2010 - present	Daily	30–50
Ice Extent (IE)	NASA	MODIS	2001 - present	Daily	1	LPJ^[29], ORCHIDEE^[30]
	ESA	SMOS	2010 - present	Daily	12.5
Carbon stock / Biomass (C)	ESA BIOMASAR-2	Envisat/ASAR (boreal and temperate, (Thurner et al. 2014)) + NASA ICESat GLAS LiDAR and MODIS and others (tropics)	early 2000s–2010	–	0.5-1	CanESM2^[39][40], GFDL-ESM2G^[39][40], HadGEM2-ES^[39][40], Inmcm4^[39][40], IPSL-CM5A-MR^[39][40], MIROC-ESM^[39][40], MPI-ESM-LR^[39][40], TRIF-FID^[25], LPJ^[25], LPJ-GUESS^[25], CLM4-CN^[25], ORCHIDEE^[25], OCN^[25], SDGVM^[25], VEGAS^[25],, DALEC2^[4], ORCHIDEE^[30]
	ESA GlobBiomass	Envisat/ASAR, ALOS PALSAR and Landsat	2010	–	0.15
	NASA	NASA ICESat GLAS LiDAR and MODIS (only tropics) (Baccini et al. 2012)	2003-2014	Yearly	0.463

Model References: [1] (Bala et al. 2007); [2] (Lucht et al. 2002); [3] (Schroder and Lucht 2003); [4] (Bloom and Williams 2015); [5] (Randerson et al. 2009); [6] (Kelley et al. 2013); [7] (Ciais et al. 2005); [8] (Forkel et al. 2014); [9] (Kaminski et al. 2013); [10] (Kato et al. 2013); [11] (Knorr et al. 2010); [12] (Schürmann et al. 2016); [13] (Smith et al. 2008); [14] (Maignan et al. 2011); [15] (Poulter et al. 2015); [16] (Mangeon et al. 2016); [17] (Yue et al. 2015); [18] (Lasslop, Thonicke, and Kloster 2014); [19] (Li, Zeng, and Levis 2012); [20] (Melton and Arora 2016); [21] (Lehsten et al. 2016); [22] (Knorr et al. 2014); [23] (Thurner et al. 2017); [24] (Schaphoff et al. 2018); [25] (Parazoo et al. 2014); [26] (Norton et al. 2018); [27] (MacBean et al. 2018); [28] (Thum et al. 2017); [29] (Sitch et al. 2007); [30] (Guimberteau et al. 2018); [31] (Pavlick et al. 2013); [32] (Brovkin et al. 2013); [33] (Rafique et al. 2016); [34] (Sato, Itoh, and Kohyama 2007); [35] (Forkel et al. 2018); [36] (Harper et al. 2018); [37] (Hartley et al. 2017); [38] (Forkel et al. 2015); [39] (Carvalhais et al. 2014); [40] (Yang et al. 2018); [41] (Rabin et al. 2018).

Table 2. Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBV), Global Biodiversity Change Indices (GBCI) and their related Remote Sensing Bio-Geophysical Products (RS-BGP).

EBV Class	EBV Candidate	GBCI	RS-BGP used in GBCI	Alternative Copernicus RS-BGP	Potential Copernicus RS-BGP
Genetic composition	Co-ancestry	–	–	–	–
	Allelic diversity	–	–	–	–
	Population genetic differentiation	–	–	–	–
	Breed and variety diversity	–	–	–	–
Species populations	Species distribution	SHI, BHI, SPI, LBII, SSII	VCF/GFCC (MODIS and Landsat)	FCV, LC (PROBA-V/SPOT)	FCV, LC (Sentinel)
	Population abundance	LBII	VCF/GFCC (MODIS and Landsat)	FCV, LC (PROBA-V/SPOT)	FCV, LC (Sentinel)
	Population structure by age/size class	–	–	–	–
Species traits	Phenology	–	–	FCV, VI (PROBA-V/SPOT)	VI (Sentinel), SIF (FLEX)
	Morphology	–	–	–	–
	Reproduction	–	–	–	–
	Physiology	–	–	fAPAR, SIF, VI, ET, LAI	VI (Sentinel), SIF (FLEX)
	Movement	–	–	-	-
Community composition	Taxonomic diversity	PARCI, LBII, SSII	VCF/GFCC (MODIS and Landsat)	FVC (PROBA-V/SPOT)	VI (Sentinel), SIF (FLEX)
	Species interactions	–	–	–	–
Ecosystem function	Net primary productivity	GERI	VCF/GFCC (MODIS and Landsat), NPP, LAI, T, A (MODIS)	NPP, LAI, T, A (PROBA-V/SPOT)	NPP, LAI, T, A (Sentinel), SIF (FLEX)
	Secondary productivity	–	–	–	–
	Nutrient retention	–	–	VI, SIF (GOME2)	VI (Sentinel), SIF (FLEX)
	Disturbance regime	–	–	GFCC, BA (PROBA-V/SPOT)	BA (Sentinel)
Ecosystem structure	Habitat structure	–	–	LAI, FVC, (PROBA-V/SPOT), IE (SMOS), C (BIOMASAR)	Tree Height (SAR, Lidar), FVC (SAR Sensors), C (BIOMASS)
	Ecosystem extent and fragmentation	SHI, BHI, PARCI, GERI	VCF/GFCC (MODIS and Landsat)	FVC, LC, IE	FCV, LC (Sentinel)
	Ecosystem composition by functional type	–	–	–	–

Table 3. Essential Biodiversity Variables and DGVM outputs with potential to estimate indicators.

EBV Class	EBV Candidate	DGVM output	Model References
Ecosystem function	Net primary productivity	NPP	See NPP in Table 1.
	Secondary productivity		Madingley Model (GEM)
	Nutrient retention	N cycle, P cycle	LPJ-GUESS (Wärlind et al. 2014; Smith et al. 2014), CASACNP (Wang, Law, and Pak 2010)
	Disturbance regime	Fire-related outputs	See Burned Area (BA) in Table 1.
Ecosystem structure	Habitat structure	fractional vegetation cover, leaf area index	See FVC,VCF/GFCC and LAI in Table 1.
	Ecosystem extent and fragmentation	Area of Ecotype/Biome	See LC in Table 1, LPJ (Hickler et al. 2012)
	Ecosystem composition by functional type	species/functional diversity attributes	Common approach within almost all DGVMs

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