Open data in spatial data infrastructure: the practices and experiences of Poland

Figures & data

Figure 1. Data download interface of the national geoportal.

Figure 2. The proposed SDI openness assessment approach.

Table 1. Scoring criteria for indicators assessing policy and use.

Indicator	Scoring criteria
IIa.1 Open spatial data vision/strategy	Low – There is no clear vision or strategic document on open spatial data Medium – Some recognition of and attention to the role of open spatial data in government strategies High – Overall vision and strategy exist on open spatial data
IIa.2 Open decision-making	Low – No or very little joint decision-making on SDI Medium – Some joint decision-making on SDI, but not all potential or indicated stakeholders involved High – Strong joint decision-making on SDI with the involvement of many stakeholders and communities
IIa.3 Open data policy	Low – There is no policy on open geospatial data Medium – There is some policy on open geospatial data, but could be for selected geospatial data, and not an overall government-wide open data policy High – Open Geospatial data policy for all spatial datasets, as part of a government-wide policy on open data
IIa.4 Non-government data	Low – There are no examples of the inclusion of spatial data provided by non-government bodies in the SDI in terms of open data policy and its characteristics Medium – Some evidence: a few examples of the inclusion of spatial data provided by non-government bodies in the SDI in terms of open data policy and its characteristics High – Strong evidence: a high number of examples of the inclusion of spatial data provided by non-government bodies in the SDI in terms of open data policy and its characteristics
IIb.1 Use	Low – There is no evidence of the use of open data by non-government actors Medium – One to five examples of apps, websites or businesses built with open data. They are rather niche or small-scale solutions High – More than five examples of apps, websites or other businesses built with open data. They are rather large-scale solutions

Table 2. Phase I Step 1: data openness assessment in the PSDI.

Dimension (1)	Indicator (2)	Dataset (3)
		1.	2.	3.	4.	5.	6.	7.	8.	9.	10.
Ia. Data discovery	Ia.1 Online availability	Through portal (web services)
	Ia.2 Search engine score	Yes (within the first ten results)
Ib. Data access	Ib.1 No registration	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
	Ib.2 Free of charge	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
	Ib.3 Open license	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
	Ib.4 Uniform access procedure	Yes (similar procedure to access)
Ic. Data properties	Ic.1 API-accessible	Yes (whole dataset)
	Ic.2 Machine-readable	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
	Ic.3 Open formats	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
	Ic.4 Metadata	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
	Ic.5 Multilingual metadata	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No

Table 3. Phase I Step 2: openness level of the PSDI data available through the main access point.

Level (1)	Star (2)	Characteristics	Dataset (3)
			1.	2.	3.	4.	5.	6.	7.	8.	9.	10.
1	*	Dataset available on the web with an open license and in any format	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
2	**	Dataset published as ‘machine-readable structured data’	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
3	***	Dataset is also published in non-proprietary open format	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
4	****	Use of RDF, SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language to identify assets
5	*****	Use of Linked-Data concept

Figure 3. The number of open data downloads for the period August–December 2020 from the PSDI.

Figure 4. The volume of open data downloads for the period August–December 2020 from the PSDI.

Table 4. Phase II: policy and use.

Dimension (1)	Openness indicator (2)	PSDI Assessment (3)
IIa. Open SDI Readiness	IIa.1 Open spatial data vision/strategy	Medium
	IIa.2 Open decision making	Low
	IIa.3 Open data policy	Medium
	IIa.4 Non-government data	Low
IIb. Open SDI Impact	IIb.1 Use	High
	IIb.2 Benefits	Yes

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.