Digital mapping of pesticides bioconcentration by integrating remote sensing techniques and plant uptake model

Figures & data

Figure 1. Workflow chart of the proposed methodology.

Figure 2. The annual Atrazine BCF among the U.S.A. different states.

Figure 3. (a) The PT-model simulated U.S.A. annual Atrazine BCF map (b) The relationship between the RA-model and the PT-model derived BCF values.

Figure 4. (a) SD map of the RA-model (b) SD map of the PT-model (c) CV map of the RA-model (d) CV map of the PT-model.

Table 1. Atrazine usage for Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, and Kansas (from the USGS Annual Agricultural Pesticide Use dataset).

State	Total usage (kg)	Usage per square mile
Illinois	4868521.5	84.07
Indiana	2291649.2	62.93
Iowa	305648.5	54.32
Kansas	4062746.1	49.38

Figure 5. (a) RA-model estimated U.S.A. state average annual Atrazine BCF map (b) PT-model estimated U.S.A. state average annual Atrazine BCF map.

Figure 6. (a) U.S.A. spring Atrazine BCF map (b) U.S.A. state average spring Atrazine BCF map (c) U.S.A. summer atrazine BCF map (d) U.S.A. state average summer Atrazine BCF map (e) U.S.A. autumn Atrazine BCF map (f) U.S.A. state average autumn Atrazine BCF map (g) U.S.A. winter Atrazine BCF map (h) U.S.A. state average winter Atrazine BCF map.

Figure 7. (a) Iowa annual time series of Atrazine BCF (b) Illinois annual time series of Atrazine BCF (c) California annual time series of Atrazine BCF (d) Wyoming annual time series of Atrazine BCF.

Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in NASA MODIS Portal (https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/), USGS Annual Agricultural Pesticide Use dataset (https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pnsp/usage/maps/compound_listing.php), Fantke et al. (2017) and Lewis et al. (2006).