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Research Article

Dirty road extraction from GF-2 images by semi-supervised deep learning method for arid and semiarid regions of southern Mongolia

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Article: 2384631 | Received 21 Feb 2024, Accepted 17 Jul 2024, Published online: 30 Jul 2024

Figures & data

Figure 1. The visualisation results of the training dataset by Labelme annotation tool, presenting original images (a, c) and labelled images (b, d) of certain samples.

Figure 1. The visualisation results of the training dataset by Labelme annotation tool, presenting original images (a, c) and labelled images (b, d) of certain samples.

Figure 2. The DeepLabv3 + network backbone structure is usinged in both semi-supervised (UniMatch) and fully supervised models.

Figure 2. The DeepLabv3 + network backbone structure is usinged in both semi-supervised (UniMatch) and fully supervised models.

Figure 3. Architecture of fully supervised framework (a) and semi-supervised framework (UniMatch) (b).

Figure 3. Architecture of fully supervised framework (a) and semi-supervised framework (UniMatch) (b).

Figure 4. Numerical variation diagram of loss values in the supervised natural road training process (a) and semi-supervised natural road training process (b).

Figure 4. Numerical variation diagram of loss values in the supervised natural road training process (a) and semi-supervised natural road training process (b).

Figure 5. Numerical variation diagram of IOU and MIOU values in the supervised resnet101 -based DeepLabv3 training process (a,c) and semi-supervised UniMatch training process with 1008 unlabelled images (b,d).

Figure 5. Numerical variation diagram of IOU and MIOU values in the supervised resnet101 -based DeepLabv3 training process (a,c) and semi-supervised UniMatch training process with 1008 unlabelled images (b,d).

Figure 6. Several sample recognition result images were obtained using the training model of UniMatch semi-supervised network (a, b).

Figure 6. Several sample recognition result images were obtained using the training model of UniMatch semi-supervised network (a, b).

Table 1. Best evaluation indexes of generated model files by supervised and UniMatch semi-supervised network.

Figure 7. (a,c) presents several GF-2 panoramic prediction results in Gurvantes Sumu, Mongolia; (b,d) presents prediction results superimposed on the original GF-2 images.

Figure 7. (a,c) presents several GF-2 panoramic prediction results in Gurvantes Sumu, Mongolia; (b,d) presents prediction results superimposed on the original GF-2 images.

Figure 8. (a–d) presents several sample images of entities misidentified during the semi-supervised predicting process; (a,b) presents the phenomenon of lacking classification; (c,d) presents a phenomenon of excessive and incorrect classification.

Figure 8. (a–d) presents several sample images of entities misidentified during the semi-supervised predicting process; (a,b) presents the phenomenon of lacking classification; (c,d) presents a phenomenon of excessive and incorrect classification.

Data availability statement

Data and model have been made available on the following GitHub link: https://github.com/wm-jessica/roadseg-back-up.