Operational system for automatic coastal upwelling detection in the Baltic Sea based on the 3D CEMBS model

Figures & data

Figure 1. Location of studied upwelling areas.

Figure 2. Sample upwelling detection scene. 13.09.2011 (a), 22.07.2013 (b), 18.08.2015 (c). Left – model, right – satellite. Upper – SST, lower – upwelling presence.

Figure 3. SST and wind time series of cases study from September 2011 (a) and July 2013 (b). Upper part represents wind time series. Lower part shows surface temperature. Red dots – model, green dots – satellite. On the lower bar: green – upwelling, red – no upwelling, ‘x’ – no data.

Figure 4. Mean upwelling frequency distribution between May and September for 2010–2016. Left – model, right – satellite.

Table 1. Percentage of upwelling and favourable wind days.

Location	Satellite (%)	Model (%)	Wind (%)
1	21.2	8.5	15.4
2	22.4	17.7	20.4
3	23.7	20.5	19.2
4	29.9	25.2	23.1
5	31	30.2	29.5
6	21.3	14.2	13.4
7	28.9	22.7	22.5
8	16.5	11.1	17.5

Table 2. Statistics of upwelling detection tool.

Location	TPR	TNR	PPV	NPV	ACC	F1
1	0.37	0.96	0.73	0.82	0.81	0.49
2	0.67	0.94	0.61	0.95	0.91	0.63
3	0.61	0.93	0.76	0.87	0.84	0.67
4	0.69	0.88	0.68	0.88	0.83	0.69
5	0.66	0.79	0.57	0.84	0.75	0.61
6	0.48	0.91	0.55	0.88	0.82	0.51
7	0.51	0.86	0.34	0.92	0.81	0.41
8	0.42	0.97	0.74	0.90	0.88	0.53
Mean	0.55	0.90	0.62	0.88	0.83	0.57

Figure 5. Upwelling frequency distribution for years 2010–2016 (a–g). Left – model, right – satellite.

Figure 6. Monthly mean upwelling frequency distribution for May – September (a–e). Left – model, right – satellite.

Figure 7. Upwelling Detection System website with an important navigation sections selected.

Figure 8. Sample map of places with an occurrence of upwelling on 18th August 2015 produced by the Upwelling Detection System.