Rainfall-induced crop failure, food insecurity and out-migration in Same-Kilimanjaro, Tanzania

Figures & data

Figure 1. Rainfall seasons in Same (1950–2010), based on data provided by TMA, 2012.

Figure 2. Main activities of survey households in Vudee. Source: Household survey, 2012.

Figure 3. Main activities of survey households in Bangalala. Source: Household survey, 2012.

Figure 4. Main activities of survey households in Ruvu Mferejini. Source: Household survey, 2012, 4 Field research findings.

Table 1. The socio-demographic and economic indicators at household level in the three research villages.^a,b

Socio-economic indicators	Ruvu Mferejini	Bangalala	Vudee	Total
HHs interviewed	63	59	43	165
Female heads of households	12 (19%)	15 (25%)	11 (26%)	38 (23%)
Female interviewees	37	37	22	96 (58%)
Average years of schooling of heads of households	3.76	5.56	6.65	5.16
Average years of schooling of HH members aged 14+	4.03	6.86	7.45	6.06
Landholdings^b:
Small and landless farmers (0.004–0.71 ha) households %	23,81	32,22	41,88	32
Medium farmers (0.712–1.62 ha) households %	53,97	49,15	41,86	49
Large farmers (≥1.624 ha) households%	22,22	18,64	16,28	19
Average farm landholding (hectares)	2.11	1.26	1.03	1.53
Households with migrants	37 (59%)	31 (53%)	21 (49%)	89 (54%)
Total migrants	84	84	36	204
Percentage of migrants per village	41%	41%	18%	100%

^aThe interviewee representing each household was the head. In case the latter was absent, the next representative (usually the wife) who had to be grown up and who knew most of the issues within the household was interviewed.

^bThree households did not specify the size of their land in numbers, but the interviewer has recorded the category as described by the interviewees (small, medium and large).

Figure 5. Smoothed annual and seasonal trends of rainfall in Same (1950s–2000s), based on data provided by TMA, 2012.

Figure 6. Number of rain days per annum (1950s–2000s), based on data provided by TMA, 2012.

Figure 7. Factors considered ‘very important’ for the migration decision by the interviewed: Household survey, 2012.

Map 1. Location of the study villages and of the Same District in Tanzania (original map designed based on information collected in the pre-field research, 2012).

Map 2. Destinations of migrants in Vudee, Bangalala and Ruvu Mferejini. (Original map designed based on information collected from the PRA sessions and the household survey).