Gender-responsive rural climate services: a review of the literature

Figures & data

Figure 1. Countries represented in the literature per # of publications.

Table 1. Studies included in the review.

Author(s)	Gender findings on	Type of information		Methods
		Rates	Factors
Amegnaglo et al. (2017)	Benefits	X		Surveys
Archer (2003)	Access		X	Surveys, focus group discussions (FGDs), participatory meetings, one-on-one interviews
Blumenstock and Eagle (2012)	Access		X	Surveys and call detail records from the phone company
Caine et al. (2015)	Access		X	Key informant interviews, case study reviews
Carr and Onzere (2017)	Use		X	Semi-structured interviews, FGDs, participant observation
Carr and Owusu-Daaku (2016)	Access/Use		X	Semi-structured interviews, FGDs, participant observation
Carr et al. (2016a)	Use		X	Semi-structured interviews, participant observation
Carr et al. (2016b)	Use		X	Semi-structured interviews, FGDs, participant observation
Carr (2014)	Access/Use		X	Semi-structured interviews, FGDs, participant observation
Center for International Climate Research (CICERO) (2017)	Access		X	FGDs and key informant interviews
Chaudhury et al. (2012)	Access		X	Participatory gender-sensitive research approaches
Cherotich et al. (2012)	Access		X	Surveys
Clarkson et al. (2017)	Access/Use/Benefits	X	X	Surveys
Coulibaly et al. (2015a)	Access/Use	X	X	Surveys
Coulibaly et al. (2015b)	Access	X		Surveys
Coulibaly et al. (2017)	Access/Use	X	X	Surveys
Coulier and Wilderspin (2016)	Access		X	Surveys and FGDs
Coulier (2016)	Access		X	Surveys and FGDs
GSMA (2012)	Access		X	Surveys, ethnographic and qualitative studies, expert interviews, analysis of TNS’ Mobile Life Study
Hampson et al. (2014)	Access		X	Surveys, FGDs, key informant interviews, stakeholder analysis.
Jost et al. (2016)	Access/Use		X	FGDs
Kyazze et al. (2012)	Access/Use		X	FGDs
Manfre and Nordehn (2013)	Access		X	Semi-structured interviews
Martin and Abbott (2011)	Access		X	Semi-structured in-depth interviews
Mittal (2016)	Access/Use/Benefits		X	Structured and open-ended survey
Ngigi et al., 2017	Access/Use	X	X	Surveys
Owusu et al. (2017)	Access		X	Surveys and FGDs
Partey et al. (2018)	Access	X	X	Surveys and FGDs
Poulsen et al. (2015)	Access/Use		X	Key informant interviews
Rao et al. (2015)	Benefits	X		Surveys
Rengalakshmi et al. (2018)	Access/Use/Benefits		X	Participant observation, participatory developmental tools (e.g. Venn diagrams, FGDs)
Roncoli et al. (2003)	Access		X	Semi-structured interviews, FGDs
Roncoli et al. (2009)	Access		X	Semi-structured interviews
Sandstrom and Strapasson (2017)	Use		X	Semi-structured key informant interviews, FGDs, statistical analysis of secondary data
Scott et al. (2004)	Access		X	Surveys
Serra and McKune (2016)	Access/Use	X	X	Surveys, in-depth interviews
Stats4SD et al. (2017)	Access/Use/Benefits	X	X	Surveys, case studies
Tall et al. (2014b)	Access/Use		X	Participatory rural appraisal exercises, FGDs, surveys
Tall et al. (2015a)	Access	X	X	Surveys
Tall et al. (2015b)	Access/Use	X	X	Surveys
Twyman et al. (2014)	Access/Use	X		Intrahousehold surveys
Venkatasubramanian et al. (2014)	Access		X	Surveys, FGDs
Zamasiya et al. (2017)	Access		X	Surveys, FGDs, key informant interviews

Table 2. Types of climate information received by gender.

Study	Location	Sample size		Weather forecast		Seasonal forecast		Onset forecast		Pest, disease early warning		Extreme event forecast		Drought early warning		Historical data
		W	M	W	M	W	M	W	M	W	M	W	M	W	M	W	M
Twyman et al., 2014	Nyando, Kenya	200	200	45%	75%	40%	80%	91%	91%					70%	85%
	Wote, Kenya	175	176	36%	41%	92%	88%	98%	97%					43%	92%
	Rakai, Uganda	187	155	37%	91%	80%	81%	73%	83%					64%	78%
	Kaffrine, Senegal	323	200	55%	61%	64%	67%	65%	83%					20%	23%
Coulibaly et al. (2017)	Eastern province, Rwanda	396	318	23%	28%	32%	38%	30%	38%	7%	9%	15%	24%	20%	26%	5%	2%
	Kigali province, Rwanda	161	144	7%	17%	20%	28%	4%	14%	2%	6%	2%	11%	3%	7%	0%	0%
	Northern province, Rwanda	235	274	9%	14%	16%	22%	15%	21%	5%	5%	9%	14%	9%	5%	3%	4%
	Southern province, Rwanda	410	398	5%	9%	16%	27%	16%	25%	6%	10%	12%	20%	9%	9%	0%	2%
	Western province, Rwanda	390	320	9%	18%	13%	24%	16%	26%	6%	11%	13%	21%	6%	12%	2%	4%
Coulibaly et al. (2015a)	Kiteto district, Tanzania	NA	NA	9%	14%	9%	15%	38%	42%	9%	10%	38%	43%
	Longido district, Tanzania	NA	NA	0%	10%	5%	8%	48%	27%	5%	7%	36%	23%
Coulibaly et al. (2015b)	Lilongue district, Malawi	NA	NA	57%	66%	29%	49%	57%	74%	29%	24%	71%	81%
	Nsanje district, Malawi	NA	NA	52%	59%	44%	47%	76%	76%	28%	53%	80%	79%
	Zomba district, Malawi	NA	NA	28%	59%	26%	48%	61%	83%	26%	40%	54%	70%
Ngigi et al. (2017)	6 districts, Kenya	156	156	63%	45%	30%	26%							26%	38%

Statistically significant: More men than women access information.Statistically significant: More women than men access information.

Table 3. Key factors and potential ways forward for the development of gender-responsive climate services.

Gender factor	Effects	Potential solution
Access to ICTs	Access to routine weather information, advisories	Develop ICT-based communication channels appropriate to women’s needs
Access to group processes	Access to technical information, trainings, planning processes	Include women’s groups and information-sharing mechanisms as communication channels
Context-specific norms limit participation in public activities	Access to extension services and externally-based channels	Connect with local and civil society organizations to address norms that constrain women’s access
Social norms influence the resources and decisions under men’s and women’s control	Type of information needed	Meet women’s climate information needs
Limited resource control and decision-making role influences women’s capacity to act on climate information	Demand	Integrate climate services with rural development efforts that seek to overcome women’s resource and agency constraints

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