Precarious prospects? Exploring climate resilience of agricultural commercialization pathways in Tanzania and Zimbabwe

Figures & data

Figure 1. Modified Pressure and Release Framework, adapted from Wisner et al. (2004).

Figure 2. Field sites in Tanzania (source: Mutabazi & Boniface, 2021).

Figure 3. Zimbabwean field sites (source: Maguranyanga et al. (2021)).

Table 1. Risk-Return trade-off decision space of crops in Singida, Tanzania. Source: Adapted from Mutabazi and Boniface (2021).

Risk-return scenario	Luono	Kidaru	Dominiki
High risk	Not reported	Sesame, Tomato	Onion
High return
High risk	Maize	Maize	Maize
Low return
Low risk	Paddy, Sunflower, Chick pea	Paddy, Sunflower, Groundnut, Cotton	Sunflower, Groundnut, Chickpea
High return
Low risk	Pearl millet, Sweet potato	Sorghum, Sweet potato	Sorghum, Sweet potato
Low return

Table 2. Farmer ranking of aggregate crop sensitivity to climate impacts. Source: Newsham et al. (2021).

Crop	Aggregated risk totals across climate impacts^a			Aggregated risk totals across all farm types
	Chiweshe communal area	Hariana A1	Arowan A2
Tobacco	11	9	11	31
Maize	9	8	10	27
Sugar Beans	11	5	8	24
Soya Beans	n/r	7	10	17
Tomatoes	n/r	13	n/r	13
Groundnuts	5	6	n/r	11
Cabbages	n/r	n/r	9	9
Cow peas	7	n/r	n/r	7
Sweet potato	3	2	1	6
Potatoes	n/r	n/r	6	6
King onions	n/r	1	n/r	1
Rapoko	0	0	n/r	0

^a This table is a reduction of annex 1 of Newsham et al. (2021). Rather than considering impacts relevant for each individual crop – drought, flood, erratic rainfall, pests etc – it gives the aggregate score each crop received across all impacts. n/r = not reported.

Table 3. Adaptation to 3 key climate risks across Chiweshe, Hariana (A1) & Arowan (A2).

Climatic risks	Pests and diseases	Drought	Erratic rainfall
Crops	Adaptations
Maize	Pesticides Ch, Ha, Ar Pruning of affected leaves Ha	Drought resistant crops Ch Irrigation Ch, Ha Deep ploughing Ha Winter ploughing Ha Drought resistant varieties Ha Seed cheating Ar Gap filling Ar	Early or late planting Ch Pruning of affected leaves Ar Use of herbicides Ha, Ar Make ridges Ha Reapplication of fertilizers Ha
Tobacco	Pesticides Ch, Ha, Ar	Drought resistant varieties Ch Irrigation Ch. Ha, Ar Wetting the barns Ha Reducing heat Ha	Early planting Ch use of herbicides Ar
Sugar Beans	Winter ploughing Ch Pesticides Ha	Do nothing Ch, Ha, Ar	Make ridges Ch Do nothing, Ar use of herbicides Ar
Sweet potato	Pesticides Ch, Ha	Irrigation Ch Do nothing Ha	Do nothing Ch, Ar Irrigation Ha
Rapoko	Do nothing Ch, Ha	Do nothing Ch. Ha	Do nothing Ch, Ha
Groundnuts	Pesticides Ch, Ha	Early planting Ch Winter ploughing Ch Plant when rains adequate Ha	Do ridges Ch Plant when rains adequate Ha

Key: Ch = Chiweshe; Ha = Hariana (A1); Ar = Arowan (A2).

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