Protecting ships against shipworms and fouling during the Industrial Revolution era

Figures & data

FIGURE 1. Share of all vessels sheathed with any material in Lloyd’s Registers (% of all vessels). Source: Lloyd’s Register database.

FIGURE 2. Real price of refined copper (1820–29 = 100). Notes and Sources: price of copper divided by a seven-year centred moving average of London wheat prices. Copper prices: Cordero and Tarring; Wheat prices: Solar and Klovland.

FIGURE 3. Sheathing by material (% of all vessels). Source: Lloyd’s Register database.

FIGURE 4. Sheathing by trade: all sorts of sheathing (% of all sailing vessels). Source: Lloyd’s Register database.

FIGURE 5. Diffusion of copper sheathing, by trade (% of all ships). Source: Lloyd’s Register database.

FIGURE 6. Diffusion of copper sheathing: ships for Africa and West Indies (% of all ships). Source: Lloyd’s Register database.

FIGURE 7. Diffusion of yellow metal sheathing, by trade (% of all ships). Sources: Lloyd’s Register database.

FIGURE 8. Diffusion of zinc sheathing, by trade (% of all ships). Source: Lloyd’s Register database.

TABLE 1. METALLIC SHEATHING OF STEAMERS LISTED IN LLOYD’S REGISTER.

		Sheathed (no)	Total (no)	Share (per cent)
1825		12	16	75
1830		79	110	72
1835	Incomplete data
1840		87	132	66
1845		70	113	62
1850	Wooden steamers only	34	57	60

Source: Lloyd’s Registers (London).

FIGURE 9. Intervals between copper sheathing: changes over time (years). Source: Lloyd’s Register database.

FIGURE 10. Intervals between sheathing: copper versus yellow metal (years). Source: Lloyd’s Register database.