‘No Friend for Sorrow but Memory’: Commemorating Children in Early Post-Plantation Ulster, Ireland

Figures & data

Figure 1. Gaelic Irish territories preceding the Ulster Plantation (prepared by Libby Mulqueeny, after https://sites.rootsweb.com/~irlkik/ihm/gif/ire1600.gif).

Table 1. Gravestone inscriptions recorded at sites currently in Northern Ireland.

Site	17th C gravestones		18th C gravestones		Inscriptions
	Adult	Child	Adult	Child
County Armagh
Acton Old Graveyard*	0	0	3	1 (S)	Poyntzpass and District Local History Society (2000)
Creggan Old Graveyard	0	0	51	5 (3P)	McMahon and Fiaich (1972); Pillow (unpublished)
Mullavilly Parish Church*	0	0	7	2 (1P)	Paterson MSS 115 (unpublished)
Old Eglish	1	0	173	20 (15P)	McAnallen (1986); Pillow (unpublished)
Shankill Old Graveyard	4	0	28	5 (3P)	Friends of Shankill Graveyard (2022); Pillow (both unpublished)
St John’s, Mullabrack	4	0	30	7 (3P)	Paterson MSS 118; Pillow (both unpublished)
St Mark’s, Ballymore*	1	0	14	2 (1P)	Hancox et al. (2009); Pillow (both unpublished)
St Patrick’s Cathedral	6	2 (S)	98	25 (15P)	Paterson MSS 114: Pillow (both unpublished)
County Derry
Old Glendermott	3	0	23	2 (2S)	Todd and Todd (1988)
St Augustine’s, Derry	1	0	16	11 (11P)	Church records (unpublished)
St Columb’s Cathedral*	3	0	46	24 (9P)	Church records (unpublished)
St Guaire’s, Aghadowey	0	0	18	6 (4P)	Bradfield and Torrens (2019); McClay Papers (unpublished)
St Patrick’s, Coleraine	3	1 (S)	28	15 (7P)	Irish World; McClay Papers (both unpublished)
County Fermanagh
Aghalurcher	6	1 (P)	125	25 (14P)	Maguire (1958); Mytum (2014a) (unpublished)
Aghavea	2	0	67	8 (8P)	Maguire ([1960] 1961); Mytum (2014b) (unpublished)
Derrvullan Old Churchyard	1	0	35	1 (S)	Hewson (2007b)
Donagh Old Graveyard	0	0	95	3 (2P)	Ó Maolagain and Gallchobhair (1955)
Drumully	1	0	33	3 (3P)	Moore (1954)
Irvinestown Old Graveyard*	0	0	28	3 (2P)	Hewson (2007b)
Old Rossory Graveyard	0	0	32	3 (2P)	Hewson (2007a)
St Mary’s Ardess	0	0	89	17 (12P)	Baillie (1984)
St Molaise CoI, Monea	1	0	32	3 (1P)	Ancestry Ireland; Hewson (2007c)
St Tierney’s Roslea*	0	0	26	6 (4P)	Mulligan and McMahon (1984) McCaffrey (1989)
County Tyrone
Donaghenry Old Graveyard	0	3 (2P)	20	5 (2P)	Mayes, Fee and Park (1990)
Drumglass Cemetery	0	0	18	4 (3P)	Ó Coinne and Ó Fiach (1974)
Old Donaghmore	1	0	159	18 (10P)	Irish World (unpublished)
Old Kilskeery	1	0	57	12 (9P)	O’Gallachair (1957)
St Andrew’s, Killyman**	1	0	58	7 (4P)	Irish World; Pillow (both unpublished)
St Jarlath’s, Clonfeacle	1	0	103	11 (7P)	Donnelly and Dillon (1989)
St Macartan’s Cathedral, Clogher	26	0	137	17 (10P)	Ancestry Ireland; Johnston (1972)
St Michael’s, Castlecaulfield*	0	0	8	1 (S)	Irish World (unpublished)
St Michael’s, Clonoe	0	1 (P)	100	6 (3P)	Fee and Coyle [1980] 1981
St Patrick’s CoI, Clonfeacle*	4	2 (1P)	32	3 (3S)	Wylie and Wylie (1993)
St Paul’s, Killeeshil	0	0	13	2 (2P)	Irish World (unpublished)
Tullanisken Parish Church	1	1 (P)	44	16 (11P)	Ancestry Ireland; Donnelly (1993); Mayes and Glendinning (2010)

Notes: Primary child burials (P), Secondary child burials (S). * Post-medieval foundation. ** Probable post-medieval foundation.

Site histories accessed from the Sites and Monuments Record for Northern Ireland database and reports of inscriptions where applicable.

Table 2. Gravestone inscriptions recorded at sites currently in the Republic of Ireland.

Site	17th C gravestones		18th C gravestones		Inscriptions
	Adult	Child	Adult	Child
County Cavan
Crosserlough Old Cemetery	0	0	59	1 (S)	Macra na Tuaithe Club (1976)
Denn Old Cemetery	0	0	50	7 (5P)	Gaffney (1994)
Drumlane Abbey	0	0	64	5 (3P)	O’Reilly (1979)
Kill, Kilnaleck	0	0	47	3 (3P)	Anon (1997)
Killeshandra	2	0	10	1 (1P)	Hewson (2006a); Woods et al. (1995)
Killinagh	0	0	18	2 (1P)	Hewson (2006a)
Killsherdoney / Kilsherdany	0	0	39	4 (1P)	Ó Mordha (1988)
Lavey	0	0	39	3 (1P)	Tierney ([1989] 1990)
Magherintemple Old Graveyard	0	1 (P)	19	1 (S)	Gallogly (1963); Hewson (2006b)
Old Castlerahan	0	0	97	2 (2P)	Smith, Gaffney and O’Flaherty (2001)
St Peter’s, Templeport	0	0	20	6 (2P)	Maguire (1971)
County Donegal
Assaroe Abbey	3	0	24	3 (2P)	Begley (2011); Hewson (2008b); Ó Gallachair (1957)
Carne, Pettigo	1	0	48	9 (2P)	Ó Gallachair et al. (1989)
Finner, Bundoran**	1	0	16	3 (1P)	Hewson (2008b); Transition Class Bundoran V.E.C. (1996)
Old Clonleigh Graveyard	1	0	10	3 (1P)	Hewson (2008c); Rootsweb Clonleigh; Ancestry Ireland
St Anne’s, Ballyshannon*	1	0	15	2 (1P)	Begley (1978; 2011)
Teightunny Graveyard	1	0	29	5 (4P)	Hewson (2008a)
County Monaghan
Clones Abbey graveyard	0	0	15	1 (P)	Mulligan and McMahon (1984)
Donagh	4	0	75	8 (6P)	McCarney (1957)
Drumswords Cemetery	0	0	18	5 (2P)	Mulligan and McMahon (1985)
Killeevan	0	0	88	15 (14P)	Mulligan et al. (1982); Mytum and Evans (2003)
Kilmore	1	0	22	6 (6P)	Mulligan (1983); Mulligan et al. (1985)
Magheross Cemetery	0	0	19	1 (S)	Ó Mearáin (1963)
Round Tower, Clones	0	0	65	5 (5P)	Mulligan and McMahon (1984)
St Salvator’s CoI, Glaslough*	3	0	22	1 (S)	McMahon and Cowan (1978)
St Tighernach’s CoI, Clones*	0	0	7	2 (1P)	McManus, Slowey and O’Neill (1988)
Tydavnet	1	0	94	8 (7P)	O’Daly (1954)

Notes: Primary child burials (P). Secondary child burials (S). * Post-Medieval foundation. ** Probable Post-Medieval foundation.

Site histories accessed from the Archaeological Survey of Ireland database and reports of inscriptions where applicable.

Table 3. Summary of memorial numbers.

	Adult memorials	Child memorials	Primary child memorials
Seventeenth Century	91	12	7
Eighteenth Century	2875	411	253
Total	2966	423	260

Table 6. Probable ethnicity of surnames associated with seventeenth-century memorials for children.

	Date range	Primary	Secondary
Gaelic Irish	1690	Fay	N/A
Scottish or English	1622-169[-]	Balfour/Belfourd, Chrichley, Laird, Stewart, Swan, Warnock	Bailly, Brown, Chappell, McConchey, Munro

Figure 2. ‘Transitional’ ringed cross imagery used in a Jones family memorial in Aghavea burial ground, Co. Fermanagh. THIS MONUME/ NT ERECTED/ BY JA^MES JONES/ JANUARY THE 6TH/ 1762 IN ME/ MORY OF/ HIS THREE/ CHILDREN WHO/ DIED YOUNG (photograph L. McKerr).

Table 4. Site visits: eighteenth-century children’s memorial forms and associated names.

Site	Ringed Cross		Horizontal/ Upright slab
	Names associated	Date range	Names associated	Date range
County Cavan
Drumlane Old Abbey	Fitzpatrick	1749	Brooke, McAdams, Magahran, Parsons	1733–1784
Kill, Kilnaleck*	–	–	Reilly, Smyth	1768–1775
Killeshandra*	–	–	Kinkead	1774
Killsherdoney / Kilsherdany*	–	–	Foster, McCabe, Smyth	1755–1773
Old Castlerahan *	Reilly	1746	Lynch, Reilly	1737–1762
St Peter’s Templeport	–	–	Maguire, Magaran, McTiernan, McTague	1763–1789
County Derry
St Augustine’s, Derry City	–	–	Cochrane, Ferguson, Fulton, Gregg, Haughey, Mitchell, Scott, Stanley, Sterling, Willon	1705–1792
St Columb’s Cathedral, Derry City	-	-	Abraham, Adams, Ewing, Conyngham, Foster, Glen, Gilmour, Harward, Hatrick, Haslett, Ledlie, McCausland, McNeill, Miller, Nicholson, Scott, Thorp, Vans, Wilson	1700–1796
St Guaire’s, Aghadowey	-	-	Boyd, Miller, Orr	1771–1787
St Patrick’s, Coleraine	-	-	Black, Campbell, Davis, Edmeston, Eken, Heyland, Lyons, McCollum, Shipboy, Todd, Wilson	1733–1795
County Donegal
Assaroe Abbey, Ballyshannon*	-	-	Coan, McPhelim	1723–1793
Carne, Pettigo*	-	-	Armstrong	1785
Finner, Bundoran*	-	-	McIntire	1793
St Anne’s, Ballyshannon	-	-	Atkinson, Curry	1768–1791
County Fermanagh
Aghalurcher*	McCormick, McManus	1745–1750	Armstrong, Beatty, Irwin, Lloyd, Foster, Murry, McCormick / McCormack	1747–1797
Aghavea	Maguire	1727	Jones, Murphy, Noble, O’Hara	1733–1771
Donagh Old Graveyard*	-	-	Gudden, Leonard	1774–1784
St Mary’s CoI, Ardess	-	-	Flin, Graham, Koen, Loughan, Murr, Ternan	1762–1781
County Monaghan
Killeevan	Birn, (Mc) Filips, Maginnis,	1743–1754	Brady, Byrn, Connolly, Cooke, Duffy, Flood, McArdle, McPhillips, Smith	1772–1790
Kilmore*	-	-	Armstrong, Hardgrave	1734–1750
Round Tower Graveyard, Clones*	-	-	Cadden, Dugan, McCabe, Mulligan, Smith	1751–1779
County Tyrone
Clogher Cathedral	-	-	Birney, Gressan, McCaffrey, McDowell, King-Irwin, Story	1700–1784
Old Donaghmore	-	-	Agnew, Campbell, Corr, Cullan, Hughes, McKenna, McMillen, McSkinedar, McVeigh, O’Donnell, Quinn, Rodgers, Sharkey, Ware	1733–1795
Old Kilskeery	McRade, O’Carvlan, O’Neill	1714–1729	Beacom, Kelly, McHugh, McQuaid, O’Brien	1756–1793
St Andrew’s, Killyman	-	-	Cardwell, McAvoy, McClean, Miller, O Neile , Williamson	1733–1796
Tydavnet*	-	-	Deering, Linchey, McKenna, McMahon	1772–1778

* Preservation poor/ sites overgrown. – None located.

Figure 3. Stylistic sequences in recorded eighteenth-century memorials for children.

Figure 4. ‘Planter and Gael’, from Old Kilskeery burial ground, Co. Tyrone. a) Armorial ledger stone for Thomas Beacom and his family. HERE LIETH THE BODY /OF THOMAS BEAC/ OM WHO [DAUCUS]/ THE 1 1729 AGED 67/ ALLSOW THE BODY OF/ ROBERT BEACOM WHO/ DYED SEPTEMBER 28 1756 AGED 5 YEARS. A/ ND 2 OF HIS BROTHERS, 3 S/ ONS TO JOHN BEACOM O/ F GLASMULLAGH/ Edward Beacom/ Glasmullagh died 1^st April 1859. Aged 100/ years (photograph L. McKerr). b) Ringed cross for the O’Neill family. HERE/ LIETH/ THE/ BODY/ OF/ MR. JOHN O’NEILL/ SON TO MR. HENERY O NEILL/ WHO DYED / THE 2 OF MAY 1714/ AGED 4 YEARS/ CATHEREN O’NEILL/ DYED THE YEAR 1711 (photograph L. McKerr).

Figure 5. Examples of memorials with mortality symbols. (a) Front view of memorial for Michael Connolly in Killeevan burial ground, Co. Monaghan. THIS STONE WAS ∼/ ERECTED BY ARTHUR/ CONNOLLY IN MEMORY/ OF HIS SON MICHAEL/ CONNOLLY WHO DE∼/ PARTED THIS LIFE/ OCTOBER THE 7^TH / 1779 AGE^D 10 YEARS. (b) Rear view of the Connolly memorial with verse. STAY PASSINGERS STAY/ AND SEE AS YOU ARE∼/ NOW ONCE HAVE I BEEN/ BUT AS I AM NOW SO/ SHALL THOU BE. PREPARE/ FOR DEATH AND FOLLOW/ ME∼ (c) Front view of the gravestone for the Edmeston boys in St Patrick’s graveyard, Coleraine, Co. Derry. HERE/ LIETH/ THE BODYS OF TWO/ CHILDREN ALSO ROB^T/ WHO DEP DECM^R 1795/ AGED 4 Y^RS& 3 MONTHS SONS /OF ROB^T EDMESTON (d) Mortality symbols on the rear of the Edmeston gravestone. REMEMBER DEATH (photographs L. McKerr).

Table 5. Site visits: religious inscriptions on eighteenth-century gravestones for children.

Site	IHS/ Pray for the soul
	Names associated	Date range
County Cavan
Drumlane Old Abbey	Fitzpatrick, McAdam	1749–1763
Kill, Kilnaleck*	Reilly	1765–1778
Killeshandra*	–	N/A
Killsherdoney / Kilsherdany*	–	N/A
Old Castlerahan*	Lynch	1743
St Peter’s Templeport	Maguire, McKenna	1763–1789
County Derry
St Augustine’s, Derry City	–	N/A
St Columb’s Cathedral, Derry City	–	N/A
St Guaire’s, Aghadowey	–	N/A
St Patrick’s, Coleraine	–	N/A
County Donegal
Assaroe Abbey* Ballyshannon	McPhelim	1793
Carne, Pettigo*	-	N/A
Finner, Bundoran*	McIntire	1793
St Anne’s, Ballyshannon	-	N/A
County Fermanagh
Aghalurcher*	McCormick/McCormack, McManus	1745–1790
Aghavea	Jones, Maguire, Murphy, O’Hara	1743–1771
Donagh Old Graveyard*	Gudden, Leonard, Moan	1774–1784
St Mary’s, Ardess	Magee, Murr,Ternan	1754–1774
County Monaghan
Killeevan	Birn, Connolly, (Mc) Filips, Maginnis	1733–1779
Kilmore*	None located	N/A
Round Tower, Clones*	Dugan, McCabe	1769–1778
Tydavnet*	-	N/A
County Tyrone
Clogher Cathedral	-	N/A
Old Donaghmore	Agnew, Campbell, Corr, Hughes, Maskinedar, McKenna, McSkinnedar, McVeigh, Quinn, Rodgers, Ware	1776–1795
Old Kilskeery	-	N/A
St Andrew’s, Killyman	-	N/A

* Preservation poor/ sites overgrown. – None located.

Figure 6. Some distinctive early gravestones for young girls of settler families. (a) HERE LYETH THE/ BODY OF MARIE BELFOURD OF TWO YEA/ RES OLD DAUGHT/ ER TO CHARLES BALFOURD ESQR WHO DEPAR/ TED THIS LYFE THE/ 10 OF NOVBR AN/ NO 1672. Aghalurcher graveyard, Co. Fermanagh (© Crown DfC Historic Environment Division). (b) MARGRET WILSON DIED Y^E 1 OF/ DEC^R 1740 AGED 1 Y^R 9 MONTH/ ALSO WILL^M WILSON HER FATHE^R/ WHO DIED Y^E 23 OF APRIL 1742/ AGED 33 YEARS. St Patrick’s graveyard, Coleraine, Co. Derry (photograph L. McKerr).

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