The effects of the usage of silicon dioxide (SiO₂) and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) as nano-sized fuel additives on the engine characteristics in diesel engines: a review

Abstract

The internal combustion engine (ICE) is a widely used technology that has been identified as a significant source of harmful pollutants. Nanoparticle additives are being investigated as a potential solution for enhancing engine efficiency and reducing emissions. The primary objective of this study is to conduct a comprehensive review of the latest research literature and evaluate the impact of incorporating TiO₂ and SiO₂ nanoparticle fuel additives on the performance, combustion characteristics, and emissions of diesel engines. Furthermore, this study aims to review the existing literature on the properties of diesel/biodiesel fuels that are influenced by the addition of TiO₂ and SiO₂ nanoparticles as fuel additives. The present article commences by presenting a summary of current research conducted on alternative fuels and fuel additives. Subsequently, the study focuses on a detailed analysis of studies investigating the utilization of SiO₂ and TiO₂ nanoparticles as fuel supplements in diesel engines and their effects on fuel characteristics, engine performance, and emissions. Finally, based on the reviewed studies, it has been shown that the addition of TiO₂ and SiO₂ nanoparticles to fuel can improve the physical properties of base fuel, such as viscosity, density, and cetane number. These nanoparticles can also enhance combustion characteristics by reducing ignition delay and increasing combustion completeness. Moreover, nanoparticle fuel additives have been found to increase thermal efficiency and power output and decrease fuel consumption in diesel engines. Remarkably, TiO₂ and SiO₂ nanoparticles positively affect emissions, resulting in a reduction in NOx, CO, HC, and particulate matter.

Keywords:

• Binary blends
• nanoparticle additives
• silicon dioxide
• titanium dioxide
• engine characteristics
• fuel properties

Acknowledgements

Permission to use figures is given by Elsevier and Copyright Clearance Center based on License Numbers 5541820010389 for Figure 1, 5541830542030 for Figure 2, 5541840037251 for Figure 3, 5541841116509 for Figure 4, and 5541850049705 for Figure 5, respectively on May 04, 2023.

Additional information

Funding

None.