The use of Avena sativa extract against Aeromonas hydrophila and its effect on growth performance, hematological and immunological parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Figures & data

Table 1. Percentage and proximate composition of the experimental diets containing supplement of different oat extract (OE) rate.

	Experimental diets
	OE0	OE5	OE10	OE20
Ingredients, %
Fish meal	23.00	23.00	23.00	23.00
Soybean meal	37.00	37.00	37.00	37.00
Wheat flour	12.00	12.00	12.00	12.00
Fish oil	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00
Vitamin–mineral mix^a^,^b	4.00	4.00	4.00	4.00
Starch	19.00	18.50	18.00	17.00
Oat extract	0	0.50	1.00	2.00
Total	100	100	100	100
Chemical analyses
Protein, %DM	35.10	35.54	35.11	35.42
Fat, %DM	7.72	7.53	7.75	7.62
Ash, %DM	5.94	5.32	5.45	5.92
NFE^c, %DM	47.16	47.17	47.18	47.17
Energy^d, kj/g	19.35	19.38	19.36	19.39

a Vitamin Mix: Vit. A, 18,000 IU; Vit. D3, 2500 U; Vit. E, 250 mg/kg; Vit. K3, 12 mg/kg; Vit. B1, 25 mg; Vit. B2, 50 mg; Vit. B3, 270 mg; Vit. B6, 20 mg; Vit. B12, 0.06 mg; Vit. C, 200 mg; Folic acid, 10 mg; Calcium d–pantothenate, 50 mg; Biotin, 1 mg; Inositol, 120 mg; Choline chloride, 2000 mg.

b Mineral Mix: Fe, 75.3 mg; Cu, 12.2 mg; Mn, 206 mg; Zn, 85 mg; I, 3 mg; Se, 0.350 mg; Co, 1 mg.

c Nitrogen–free extracts (NFE) = dry matter – (crude lipid + crude ash + crude protein + crude fiber).

d Energy calculated according to 23.6 kJ g ^− 1 protein, 39.5 kJ g ^− 1 lipid, and 17.0 kJ g ^− 1 NFE.

Table 2. Weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion rate (FCR) in carp fed the experimental diets.

Parameters	OE0	OE5	OE10	OE20
WG, %	71.91 ± 9.04^b	77.42 ± 7.50^ab	93.09 ± 5.51^a	75.81 ± 0.69^b
SGR	0.90 ± 0.09^b	0.95 ± 0.07 ^ab	1.10 ± 0.10^a	0.94 ± 0.01^ab
FCR	1.92 ± 0.15^a	1.78 ± 0.08^a	1.47 ± 0.10^b	1.70 ± 0.04^ab

Data were presented as mean ± SE (n = 3/group). Values within the same row having different superscripts are significantly different (p < 0.05).

Table 3. Serum biochemical and hemato-immunological parameters of C. carpio juveniles fed diets containing oat extract for 60 days.

Paremeters	Control	OE5	OE10	OE20
Myeloperoxidase, U/L	33.65 ± 0.75^c	38.97 ± 0.52^b	48.40 ± 0.76^a	49.78 ± 0.29^a
Lysozyme activity, U/L	533.3 ± 6.66^d	933.3 ± 6.66^c	1200.00 ± 8.64^b	1770.77 ± 9.68^a
GLU, mg/dL	54.25 ± 6.42^b	53.14 ± 3.15^b	50.84 ± 9.65^a	65.90 ± 12.19^a
TRİG, mg/dL	56.41 ± 8.03^a	64.10 ± 13.54^a	66.41 ± 13.09^a	68.72 ± 10.75^a
CHOL, mg/dL	65.64 ± 13.33^a	62.93 ± 18.01^a	64.48 ± 9.73^a	48.39 ± 14.15^b
TPROT, g/dL	1.96 ± 0.18^b	2.07 ± 0.26^b	2.96 ± 0.39^a	2.24 ± 0.29^b
ALB, g/dL	1.36 ± 0.15^b	1.43 ± 0.33^b	1.99 ± 0.35^a	1.40 ± 0.22^b
GLO, d/dL	0.60 ± 0.27^a	0.64 ± 0.39^a	0.97 ± 0.24^a	0.85 ± 0.46^a
Hct, %	24.11 ± 0.48^a	25.33 ± 0.52^a	24.11 ± 0.42^a	24.00 ± 0.28^a
Hb, g/dL	8.88 ± 0.21^c	13.20 ± 0.72^b	15.90 ± 0.59^a	14.49 ± 0.79^ab
RBC, ×10^6 mm^3	4.66 ± 0.24^a	5.27 ± 0.15^a	4.97 ± 0.21^a	5.17 ± 0.35^a
MCV, μm^3	53.33 ± 4.08^a	48.44 ± 1.89^a	49.46 ± 2.92^a	48.33 ± 3.57^a
MCH, pg cell^−1	19.58 ± 1.36^c	25.23 ± 1.61^b	32.57 ± 2.29^a	28.52 ± 1.55^ab
MCHC, %	37.02 ± 1.28^c	52.02 ± 2.34^b	66.00 ± 2.34^a	60.42 ± 3.37^a

Values are mean (n = 9). Mean ± SE with common superscripts in the same line are not significantly different (p > 0.05).

GLU: glucose; Trıg: triglyceride; CHOL: cholesterol; TPROT: total protein; ALB: albumin; Hct: hematocrit; Hb: hemoglobin; MCV: mean cell volume; MCH: mean cell hemoglobin; MCHC: mean cell hemoglobin concentration.

Figure 1. Kaplan–Meier survivorship curves (cumulative survival [%] over time [h]) for common carp after challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila; the fish were fed with oat extract supplemented diets (0, 5, 10 or 20 g of OE/kg of feed; control diets, OE5, OE10, and OE20, respectively) prior to bacterial challenge.

Table 4. Relative Percentage Survival (RPS) (%) of challenged Cyprinus carpio fed oat extract supplemented diet and the control diet.

Groups	Survival (%)	Mortality	RPS (%)
Control	20^c	80	–
OE5	23.33^c	76.66	5
OE10	73.33^a	26.66	67
OE20	66.66^b	33.33	59

Data are represented as mean ± SE (n = 30). Different letters represent the significantly different (p < 0.05).