Effects of curcumin and nanocurcumin on growth performance, blood gas indices and ascites mortalities of broiler chickens reared under normal and cold stress conditions

Figures & data

Table 1. The ingredients and composition of the basal diets^a.

	Diets
	Starter (0–10 d)	Grower (11–24 d)	Finisher (25–42 d)
Ingredients, %
Maize, 8% CP	47.53	51.63	57.56
Soybean meal, 44%CP	42.35	37.99	32.35
Soybean oil, 9000 kcal/kg	5.54	6.24	6.29
Limestone, 38%Ca	1.20	1.12	1.05
Di-calcium phosphate, 21%Ca	1.79	1.56	1.34
Vitamin premix^b	0.25	0.25	0.25
Mineral premix^c	0.25	0.25	0.25
NaCl	0.40	0.40	0.40
DL-Methionine, 99%	0.37	0.32	0.28
Lysine, 78%	0.28	0.22	0.22
Threonine, 98.5%	0.05	0.02	0.00
Calculated values^d
Metabolisable energy, kCal/kg	2990	3082	3218
Crude protein, %	23	21.3	19.3
Calcium (Ca), %	0.96	0.87	0.79
Available phosphorus, %	0.456	0.409	0.361
Sodium (Na), %	0.16	0.16	0.16
Methionine, %	0.71	0.64	0.58
Methionine + cysteine, %	1.07	0.89	0.89
Lysine, %	1.46	1.30	1.17
Arginine, %	1.56	1.45	1.30
Threonine, %	0.96	0.87	0.78
Thryptophan, %	0.35	0.32	0.29

^a 0, 200 and 400 mg curcumin or nanocurcumin were added per kg of starter, grower and finisher diets to provide five dietary treatments for each period.

^b Vitamin concentrations per kilogram of diet: retinol 18 mg, cholecalciferol 4 mg, α-tocopherol acetate 36 mg, vitamin K₃ 2 mg, thiamine 1.75 mg, riboflavin 6.6 mg, niacin 9.8 mg, pantothenic acid 29.65 mg, pyridoxine 2.94 mg, folic acid 1 mg, vitamin B₁₂ 0.015 mg, biotin 0.1 mg, choline chloride 250 mg and ethoxyquin 1 mg.

^c Mineral concentrations per kilogram of diet: Mn 99.2 mg, Fe 50 mg, Zn 84.7 mg, Cu 10 mg, I 0.99 mg, Se 0.2 mg.

^d The values were calculated from Aviagen (2014).

Table 2. Effect of dietary supplementation of curcumin (Cur) and nanocurcumin (Nano) on performance in broiler chickens grown in normal and cold temperature conditions at 0–42 day of age.

	Diet supplementation, mg/kg	Weight gain, g/b	Feed intake, g/b	Feed conversion ratio
Normal temperature	Control	2508^ab	4347	1.73
	Cur (200)	2577^a	4318	1.67
	Cur (400)	2471^bc	4333	1.75
	Nano (200)	2542^ab	4196	1.65
	Nano (400)	2461^bc	4280	1.73
Cold temperature	Control	2340^d	4537	1.93
	Cur (200)	2426^cd	4492	1.85
	Cur (400)	2441^c	4514	1.84
	Nano (200)	2498^abc	4544	1.81
	Nano (400)	2337^d	4449	1.90
Temperature
	Normal	2512^a	4295^b	1.71^b
	Cold	2409^b	4507^a	1.87^a
Diet supplementation, mg/kg
	Control	2424^c	4442	1.83^a
	Cur (200)	2502^ab	4405	1.76^ab
	Cur (400)	2456^bc	4424	1.80^ab
	Nano (200)	2520^a	4370	1.73^b
	Nano (400)	2399^c	4364	1.82^ab
SEM		12.19	27.74	0.01
		p-Value
Temperature × Diet		.04	.649	.539
Temperature		.002	.027	.002
Diet		.001	.869	.047
Orthogonal contrasts
Control vs Cur/Nano		.034	.353	.044
Cur vs Nano		.289	.338	.891

^a–d Means in the same column for each effect with no common superscript are significantly different. The temperature of both houses were the same in the first two weeks, the temperature of one house was continued according to the recommended temperature, whereas the temperature in the 2nd house was dropped to 15°C on d14 and maintained between 13 °C and 15 °C until day 42.

Table 3. Average pCO₂, pO₂, O₂ saturation, HTC, Hb, HCO₃ and pH in broiler chickens grown in normal and cold temperature conditions at 14 and 28d.

Temperature	Blood gas indices
	pCO2, mmHg	pO2, mmHg	O2Sat, %	HTC, %	Hb, g/dl	HCO3, mmol/L	pH
14 days of age
Normal	38.97	75.42	74.35	19.23	6.26	24.9	7.36
Cold	39.05	74.28	75.66	19.12	6.2	25	7.37
p-Value	0.929	0.842	0.052	0.803	0.321	0.809	0.896
SEM	0.52	0.76	0.62	0.31	0.14	0.39	0.02
28 days of age
Normal	42.95^b	59.36	72.51	26.04^b	7.83^b	27.94	7.42
Cold	48.23^a	56.7	71.44	29.10^a	8.97^a	29.52	7.39
p-Value	.034	.283	.09	.001	.001	.186	.075
SEM	0.65	1.5	0.24	0.36	0.1	0.53	0.01

pCO₂: partial pressure of CO₂; pO₂: partial pressure of O₂ in venous blood; O₂sat : oxygen saturation in venous blood; HCT : haematocrit; Hb : haemoglobin.

^a–b Means in the same column for each effect with no common superscript are significantly different. The effect of dietary supplementation and temperature × diet interaction were not significant for different parameters at 14 and 28 days of age.

Table 4. Effect of dietary supplementation of curcumin (Cur) and nanocurcumin (Nano) on average pCO₂, pO₂, HTC, Hb, O₂ saturation, HCO₃ and pH in broiler chickens grown in normal and cold temperature conditions at 42 day of age.

	Diet supplementation, mg/kg	Blood gas indices (42d)
		pCO2, mmHg	pO2, mmHg	HTC, %	Hb, g/dl	O2Sat, %	HCO3, mmol/L	PH
Normal temperature	Control	36.95	59.66	34.26^cd	11.3	64.90^ab	29.05	7.39
	Cur (200)	38.40	62.80	33.16^d	11.27	65.00^a	26.7	7.46
	Cur (400)	35.56	53.53	34.03^cd	11.23	65.06^a	27.2	7.4
	Nano (200)	39.80	61.53	34.23^cd	11.29	65.73^a	24.76	7.44
	Nano (400)	42.03	58.66	33.90^cd	11.18	64.03^ab	29.7	7.36
Cold temperature	Control	44.23	54.40	39.13^a	12.13	57.23^cd	30.06	7.45
	Cur (200)	51.76	52.40	35.66^c	12.12	62.26^abc	28.96	7.44
	Cur (400)	46.00	52.50	36.20b^c	12.3	59.53^bcd	30.66	7.36
	Nano (200)	50.70	56.10	35.10^cd	12.28	63.63^ab	30	7.43
	Nano (400)	44.76	51.26	38.30^ab	12.25	56.02^d	29.43	7.38
Temperature
	Normal	38.55^b	59.24^a	33.92^b	11.25b	64.94^a	27.49	7.41
	Cold	47.49^a	53.33^b	36.88^a	12.22a	59.75^b	29.82	7.42
Diet supplementation, mg/kg
	Control	40.59	57.03	36.70^a	11.71	61.06^bc	29.55	7.45
	Cur (200)	45.08	57.60	34.41^c	11.70	63.63^ab	27.83	7.42
	Cur (400)	40.78	53.01	35.16^bc	11.76	62.30^abc	28.93	7.41
	Nano (200)	45.25	58.81	34.66^c	11.79	64.73^a	27.38	7.39
	Nano (400)	43.40	54.96	36.10^ab	11.72	60.03^c	29.58	7.43
SEM		1.12	0.85	0.36	0.09	0.68	0.47	0.02
		p-Value
Temperature × Diet		.197	.295	.017	.888	.022	.792	.907
Temperature		.033	.006	.013	.014	.037	.139	.755
Diet		.134	.052	.002	.955	.035	.829	.749
Orthogonal contrasts
Control vs Cur/Nano		.101	.569	.003	.842	.040	.561	.608
Cur vs Nano		.371	.293	.112	.861	.337	.953	.808

pCO₂: partial pressure of CO₂; pO₂: partial pressure of O₂ in venous blood; O₂sat : oxygen saturation; HTC : haematocrit; Hb : Haemoglobin in venous blood.

^a–d Means in the same column for each effect with no common superscript are significantly.

Table 5. Effect of dietary supplementation of curcumin (Cur) and nanocurcumin (Nano) on ascites index, ascites mortality, relative weight of the carcase and internal organs (heart, spleen, bursa of Fabricius) in broiler chickens grown in normal and cold temperature conditions at 42 day of age.

	Diet supplementation, mg/kg	Ascites* Index	Ascites mortality	Relative weights (%)
				Heart	Carcass	Spleen	Bursa of Fabricius
Normal temperature	Control	0.24^bc	0.02	0.513	72.34^a	0.095	0.115
	Cur (200)	0.24^bc	0.00	0.513	72.42^a	0.093	0.115
	Cur (400)	0.22^c	0.02	0.532	71.90^ab	0.083	0.122
	Nano (200)	0.23^bc	0.00	0.523	72.00^ab	0.096	0.114
	Nano (400)	0.22^c	0.02	0.542	71.30^abc	0.107	0.125
Cold temperature	Control	0.27^ab	0.16	0.635	69.06^c	0.124	0.147
	Cur (200)	0.26^abc	0.08	0.641	70.28^abc	0.125	0.129
	Cur (400)	0.25^abc	0.06	0.639	70.54^abc	0.138	0.132
	Nano (200)	0.24^bc	0.10	0.630	71.66^ab	0.111	0.139
	Nano (400)	0.28^ab	0.18	0.646	69.86^bc	0.150	0.157
Temperature
	Normal	0.23^b	0.012^b	0.529^b	72.00^a	0.095^b	0.118^b
	Cold	0.26^a	0.116^a	0.638^a	70.28^b	0.130^a	0.141^a
Diet supplementation (mg/kg)
	Control	0.26	0.09	0.585	70.70	0.109	0.131
	Cur (200)	0.25	0.02	0.577	71.35	0.109	0.122
	Cur (400)	0.23	0.04	0.585	71.22	0.110	0.128
	Nano (200)	0.24	0.05	0.577	71.83	0.104	0.127
	Nano (400)	0.25	0.10	0.594	70.58	0.129	0.141
SEM		0.002	0.012	0.008	0.208	0.006	0.008
		p-Value
Temperature × Diet		.010	.356	.763	.032	.907	.753
Temperature		.001	.003	.002	.013	.041	.028
Diet		.049	.240	.653	.210	.835	.278
Orthogonal contrasts
Control vs Cur/Nano		.029	.204	.893	.115	.822	.866
Cur vs Nano		.672	.13	.597	.799	.669	.238

* Ascites Index = ratio of right to total ventricular weight (RV/TV);

^a–c Means in the same column for each effect with no common superscript are significantly different.

Aviagen. 2014. Ross 308 broiler performance objectives. AL, USA: Aviagen Group.

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