Effect of vinasse (condensed molasses solubles) on performance and meat chemical composition of Holstein male calves

Figures & data

Table 1. Ingredients of diets fed to calves.

	Treatments
Ingredient, % DM	C	LV	MV	HV
Alfalfa	12.9	12.9	12.9	12.9
Maize silage	12.9	12.9	12.9	12.9
Barley grain, ground	28.6	28.6	28.6	28.6
Wheat	11.4	11.4	11.4	11.4
Wheat bran	28.3	22.1	16.1	10.1
Soybean meal	1.7	3.4	5.0	6.4
Vinasse	0.0	5.0	10.0	15.0
Urea	0.7	0.4	0.2	0.0
Calcium carbonate	1.0	1.0	0.4	0.1
NaCl	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7
Sodium bicarbonate	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7
Vitamin mineral premix^a	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Zeolite	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7

C: control diet with no added vinasse; LV: diet with low vinasse level (5%); MV: diet with medium vinasse level (10%); HV: diet with high vinasse level (15%).

^a Premix contained: vitamin A: 600,000 U/kg; vitamin D: 200,000 U/kg; vitamin E: 200 mg/kg; antioxidant: 2500 mg/kg; Ca: 195 gr/kg; P: 80 g/kg; Mg: 21,000 mg/kg; Mn: 2200 mg/kg; Fe: 3000 mg/kg; Cu: 300 mg/kg; Zn: 300 mg/kg; Co: 100 mg/kg; I: 120 mg/kg; Se: 1.1 mg/kg.

Table 2. Chemical composition of diets fed to calves.

	Treatments
Item	C	LV	MV	HV
NEm, Mcal/kg DM	1.09	1.09	1.09	1.09
NEg, Mcal/kg DM	1.69	1.69	1.69	1.69
Crude protein, % DM	15.9	15.9	15.9	15.9
NDF, % DM	28.9	27.5	23.1	24.2
Ca, % DM	0.88	0.92	0.95	0.98
P, % DM	0.71	0.64	0.57	0.51
Na, % DM	0.42	0.57	0.72	0.87
K, % DM	1.05	1.43	1.81	2.19

C: control diet with no added vinasse; LV: diet with low vinasse level (5%); MV: diet with medium vinasse level (10%); HV: diet with high vinasse level (15%); NE_m: Net energy for maintenance; NE_g: Net energy for growth; NDF: neutral detergent fibre.

Table 3. Chemical composition of vinasse.

Item	%
Dry matter, %	50.54
Crude protein, % DM	27.68
Ash, % DM	23.20
Calcium, % DM	2.98
Phosphorous, % DM	0.80
Sodium, % DM	3.01
Potassium, % DM	8.84
Chloride, % DM	3.20
Glycerol, % DM	3.35
Betaine, % DM	3.73

Table 4. Mean amino acid composition of vinasse (as % on dry matter basis).

Amino acid	%
Methionine	0.12
Cysteine	0.12
Lysine	0.45
Threonine	0.45
Arginine	0.18
Isoleucine	0.06
Leucine	0.69
Valine	0.72
Histidine	0.18
Phenylalanine	0.3
Glycine	1.14
Serine	0.78
Proline	1.11
Alanine	1.89
Aspartic acid	1.32
Glutamic acid	13.05
Total amino acids	22.56

Table 5. Effect of dietary treatments on performance of calves.

	Treatments
Item	C	LV	MV	HV	SEM	p Value
Live slaughter weight, kg	417.5^a	415.8^a	403.3^b	401.7^b	9.56	.001
ADG, kg	1.26^a	1.24^a	1.02^b	0.99^b	0.12	.001
DMI, kg/d	7.57	7.71	7.87	8.08	0.23	.422
FCR	6.02^b	6.26^b	7.72^a	8.11^a	0.22	.001

C: control diet with no added vinasse; LV: diet with low vinasse level (5%); MV: diet with medium vinasse level (10%); HV: diet with high vinasse level (15%); BW: body weight; ADG: average daily gain; DMI: dry matter intake; FCR: feed conversion ratio. Different superscripts following means in the same row indicate differences at p < .001.

Table 6. Effects of the vinasse on carcase characteristic and longissimus muscle composition of calves.

	Treatments
Item	C	LV		MV	HV	SEM	p Value
Hot carcase weight, kg	220.5^a	217.5^a^b		213.4^a^b	211.5^b	6.16	.017
Carcass yield, %	52.81	52.36		52.90	52.63	0.48	.872
Internal fat, %	2.85	2.63		2.55	2.52	0.12	.377
Internal fat, kg	6.28^a	5.73^a^b		5.47^bc	5.38^c	0.14	.018
LM area, cm*	67.1^a	66.4^a		62.9^b	62.7^b	0.72	.001
LM chemical composition
Moisture, %	623	625		637	634	10.70	.231
Ether extract, %	523^b	537^a^b		541^a	543^a	5.89	.039
Crude protein, %	248^a	239^a^b		234^b	227^b	4.51	.035
Ash, %	209^b	214^a^b		221^a^b	223^a	4.58	.046

C: control diet with no added vinasse; LV: diet with low vinasse level (5%); MV: diet with medium vinasse level (10%); HV: diet with high vinasse level (15%). Different superscripts following means in the same row indicate differences at p < .001.

* Longissimus muscle area.

Table 7. Effects of the vinasse on nutrient apparent digestibility.

	Treatment
Item*	C	LV	MV	HV	SEM	p Value
Dry matter, %	73.2^a^b	75.1^a	70.2^b	69.3^b	1.34	.041
Organic matter, %	75.4^a^b	77.9^a	72.5^b	72.2^b	1.19	.038
Crude protein, %	77.4	76.1	75.3	75.0	1.32	.422
Ether extract, %	72.3^a	74.8^a	73.8^a	67.9^b	1.40	.035
NDF^a, %	48.0^a^b	51.6^a	44.1^bc	42.3^c	1.39	.019

C: control diet with no added vinasse; LV: diet with low vinasse level (5%); MV: diet with medium vinasse level (10%); HV: diet with high vinasse level (15%). Different superscripts following means in the same row indicate differences at p < .05.

^a Neutral detergent fibre.

Table 8. Effects of the vinasse on ruminal fermentation of calves.

	Treatments
Item	C	LV	MV	HV	SEM	p Value
Acetate, Mmol ml^−1	44.43	44.64	43.03	43.36	0.86	.40
Propionate, Mmol ml^−1	24.53^a	23.78^a	22.29^b	21.72^b	0.42	.037
Butyrate, Mmol ml^−1	5.69	6.12	5.42	5.91	0.32	.28
Valerate, Mmol ml^−1	1.96	1.95	1.95	1.94	0.04	.36
Acetate/Propionate	1.82^b	1.88^ab	1.93^ab	1.99^a	0.04	.039
Total VFA, Mmol ml^−1	76.61^a	76.49^a	72.68^b	72.94^b	2.94	.032
pH	6.18^b	6.36^ab	6.36^ab	6.48^a	0.08	.043
NH3–N, mg dl^−1	7.39	8.20	8.56	8.75	0.51	.082

C: control diet with no added vinasse; LV: diet with low vinasse level (5%); MV: diet with medium vinasse level (10%); HV: diet with high vinasse level (15%); VFA: volatile fatty acids; NH₃–N: ammonia nitrogen. Different superscripts following means in the same row indicate differences at p < .05.