Nutrients profile, protein quality and energy value of whole Prosopis pods meal as a feedstuff for poultry feeding

Figures & data

Table 1. The composition, calculated and determined values of the diets used in the total protein quality assay.

	Type of diet, g/kg
Ingredients and composition	Corn–soybean meal diet	Whole prosopis pods
Yellow Corn	649	364
Soybean meal (44%)	286	270
Whole Prosopis pods meal	000	245
Commercial oil blend	30.0	90
Dicalcium phosphate	20.0	20
Limestone	9.0	5.0
Sodium chloride	3.0	3.0
Premix^a	3.0	3.0
Total	1000	1000
Calculated^b and determined^c analysis of the diets
ME MJ/ kg diet^b	12.8	12.7
CP, g/kg^c	181.7	179.7
Ca, g/kg^b	9.0	8.8
Non-phytate phosphorus, g/kg^b	5.0	4.9
Methionine, g/kg^b	2.9	2.5
Sulfur amino acids, g/kg^b	6.0	5.2
Lysine, g/kg^b	9.4	8.8
Ether extract, g/kg^c	62.3	111.3
Crude fibre, g/kg^c	27.6	64.5
Ash, g/kg^c	54.2	67.7

^a Vit + Min mix. provides per kilogram of the diet: Vit. A, 12,000 U, vit. E (dl-α-tocopheryl acetate) 20 mg, menadione 2.3 mg, Vit. D3, 2200 ICU, riboflavin 5.5 mg, calcium pantothenate 12 mg, nicotinic acid 50 mg, Choline 250 mg, vit. B12 10 μg, vit. B6 3 mg, thiamine 3 mg, folic acid 1 mg, d-biotin 0.05 mg. Trace mineral (mg/kg of diet): Mn 80, Zn 60, Fe 35, Cu 8 and Selenium 0.1 mg.

^b Calculated composition.

^c Determined composition.

ME: Metabolisable energy; CP: Crude protein; Ca: Calcium.

Table 2. Proximate chemical composition of whole Prosopis pods meal as compared with the literature values.

Proximate chemical composition, g/100 g	Prosopis pods^a	Prosopis pods^b	Prosopis pods^c	Prosopis pods^d	Prosopis pods^e
Dry matter	91.4	91.81	82.0–94.0	NR	82.0–92.6
Moisture	8.6	8.19	18.0–6.0	NR	18.0–7.4
Crude protein	15.2	12.1	7.1–18.5	8.48–16.5	7.1–16.2
Ether extract	2.61	7.31	0.4–3.5	1.30–4.26	0.4–4.0
Crude fibre	18.58	14.4	12.3–28	16.9–30.77	12.3–28.0
NDF	28.14	NR	30.93–51.8	30.93–51.8	NR
ADF	20.04	NR	16.99–36.2	NR	NR
Hemicellulose	8.1	NR	13.94–15.6	14.03–21.03	NR
Nitrogen free extract	48.97	52.2	46.3–65.3	NR	46.3–71.1
Ash	6.04	5.8	1.4–6.0	3.2–7.1	1.4–6.0
Tannins, mg/g dry matter	42.8	NR	NR	NR	NR

^a Present sample of whole pods meal.

^b Girma et al. (2011b).

^c King’ori et al. (2011).

^d Sawal et al. (2004).

^e Choge et al. (2007).

ADF: acid detergent fibre; NDF: neutral detergent fibre; NR: not reported.

Table 3. Minerals composition of whole Prosopis pods meal as compared with the literature values and broiler chickens requirements.

Minerals contents	Prosopis pods^a	Prosopis pods^b	Prosopis pods^c	Prosopis pods^d	Broiler chickens requirements between 0 and 3 weeks^e
Ash, g/100 g	6.04	5.80	1.4–6.0	3.8	NR
Minerals profile
Calcium, g/100 g	0.66	0.28	0.33–0.71	0.45	1.0
Phosphorus, g/100 g	0.20	0.14	0.08–0.20	0.15	0.45
Iron, ppm	764	NR	203.5–638.8	NR	80
Zinc, ppm	69.4	NR	18.3–28.8	18.0	40
Manganese, ppm	33.9	NR	22.1–22.3	22.0	60
Copper, ppm	36.1	NR	12.5–15.5	4.0	8
Chromium, ppm	21.7	NR	NR	NR	NR
Cadmium, ppm	7.4	NR	NR	NR	NR
Nickel, ppm	9.8	NR	NR	NR	NR
Lead, ppm	28.2	NR	NR	NR	NR

NR: not reported.

^a Present sample of whole pods meal.

^b Girma et al. (2011b).

^c Sawal et al. (2004).

^d Heuzé et al. (2015).

^e NRC (1994).

Table 4. Fatty acids profile of whole Prosopis pods meal in the present study compared with the literature values.

Fatty acids profile	Prosopis
	g/100 g of FA^a	g/100 g of FA^b	g/100 g of FA^c	g/100 g of FA seeds oil^d
C6:0	0.596	NR	NR	NR
C8:0	3.14	NR	NR	NR
C10:0	0.649	NR	NR	NR
C12:0	1.31	NR	NR	NR
C13:0	2.08	NR	NR	NR
C14:1	1.08	NR	NR	NR
C14:0	0.151	NR	0.16	NR
C15:1	0.944	NR	NR	NR
C15:0	0.777	NR	NR	NR
C16:1	0.308	NR	NR	0.91–1.50
C16:0	10.8	NR	13.19	14.43–15.32
C17:0	0.153	NR	NR	NR
C18:3	0.00	NR	NR	NR
C18:2c	27.9	NR	50.92	35.22–36.29
C18:1c	35.5	NR	22.74	37.21–39.45
C18:0	5.39	NR	4.75	5.43–6.54
C20:2	0.304	NR	NR	NR
C20:0	0.281	NR	NR	0.80–1.41
C22:0	NR	NR	1.29	0.47–1.37
C22:1	NR	NR	0.31	NR
C24:0	NR	NR	0.75	NR
DHA C22:6	1.17	NR	NR	NR
TFA	92.54	92.45	94.11	94.46
SFA	25.33	26.42	20.14	21.13
UFA	67.21	66.03	73.97	73.33
MUFA	37.83	18.86	23.05	38.11
PUFA	29.37	47.17	50.92	35.22
SFA/UFA ratio	0.377	0.400	0.272	0.288

^a Present study.

^b Choge et al. (2007).

^c Marangoni and Alli (1988).

^d Kathirvel and Kumudha (2011).

DHA: docosahexaenoic acid; MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids, NR: not reported; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids; SFA: saturated fatty acids; TFA: total fatty acids; UFA: Unsaturated fatty acids.

Table 5. Amino acids profile of whole Prosopis pods meal in the present study compared with the literature values.

Crude protein and amino acids profile, g/100 g	Whole Prosopis pods meal^a	Prosopis pods^b	Prosopis pods^c	Prosopis pods^d	Prosopis pods flour^e
Crude protein	15.2	20.2	10.5	10.1	59.0
Threonine	0.47	0.485	0.326	0.17	1.40
Valine	0.67	0.707	NR	0.25	2.05
Methionine	0.12	0.202	NR	NR	0.56
Methionine + cystine	0.29	0.444	NR	0.35	1.26
Isoleucine	0.54	0.545	NR	0.26	1.60
Leucine	1.03	1.333	0.693	0.42	3.88
Phenylalanine	0.40	0.707	NR	NR	2.07
Phenylalanine + tyrosine	0.60	1.172	NR	0.52	3.42
Histidine	0.20	0.545	NR	0.11	1.58
Lysine	0.46	0.808	0.347	0.43	2.34
Arginine	0.67	2.687	NR	0.34	7.83
Tryptophan	0.44	0.222	0.084	NR	0.631
Glycine + serine	1.04	0.895^f	NR	0.54	4.98
Proline	1.11	NR	NR	0.40	3.38
Aspartic acid	1.76	NR	NR	0.76	4.45
Glutamic acid	1.28	NR	NR	1.05	10.58

NR: not reported.

^a Present sample.

^b Heuzé et al. (2015).

^c Tran (2015a).

^d Marangoni and Alli (1988).

^e Baiao (1987)_.

^f Glycine only.

Table 6. Amino acids profile [(as g/100 g) of crude protein as fed basis] of whole Prosopis pods meal as well as some feedstuffs as compared to broiler chickens requirements.

Crude protein/amino acids profile, g/100 g	Whole Prosopis pods meal^a	Wheat Bran^b	undehulled sunflower meal^b	Broiler chickens requirements between 0 and 3 weeks^b
Crude protein content	15.2	15.4	23.3	23.0
Threonine	3.09	3.25	4.51	3.48
Valine	4.41	4.55	6.87	3.91
Methionine	0.79	1.49	2.15	2.17
Methionine + cystine	1.97	3.57	4.29	3.91
Isoleucine	3.55	3.05	4.29	3.48
Leucine	6.78	6.23	6.87	5.22
Phenylalanine	2.63	3.96	4.94	3.13
Phenylalanine + tyrosine	3.95	6.95	NR	5.83
Histidine	1.32	2.99	2.36	1.52
Lysine	3.03	3.96	4.29	4.78
Arginine	4.41	6.62	9.87	5.43
Tryptophan	2.89	1.49	1.93	0.87
Glycine + serine	6.84	9.61	4.30^c	5.43
Proline	7.30	NR	4.51	2.61
Total amino acids	52.96	57.72	61.18	49.16
TAAF:TAAR ratio^d	1.08	1.17	1.24	1.00

NR: not reported.

^a Present sample.

^b NRC (1994), but all values of amino acids are presented as a ratio of protein. e.g. threonine and protein of WPPM (Table 5) are 0.47% and 15.2% respectively, (0.47/15.2 × 100 = 3.09).

^c Serine only.

^d TAA:TAAR: total amino acids in different feedstuffs to the total amino acids required for broiler chickens, and calculated by total amino acids of whole Prosopis pods divided by total amino acids of broiler requirements= 52.96/49.16 = 1.08.

Table 7. Apparent and true amino acids digestibility, and apparent and true energy metabolisability of whole Prosopis pods meal.

	Amino acids digestibility, %
Items	Apparent	True
Amino acids profile
Threonine	26.1	63.0
Valine	40.1	67.7
Methionine	22.8	60.1
Cystine	5.6	52.3
Isoleucine	17.1	58.6
Leucine	56.5	79.9
Phenylalanine	30.5	65.5
Tyrosine	22.8	41.0
Histidine	34.4	65.2
Lysine	32.9	72.4
Arginine	67.7	88.6
Tryptophan	52.6	57.7
Glycine	−14.3	35.2
Serine	30.2	64.7
Proline	70.8	83.9
Aspartic acid	68.9	84.0
Glutamic acid	44.5	73.4
Alanine	19.0	55.9
Average	34.9	65.0
	Energy metabolisability (MJ/kg ±SD)
	Apparent	True
	5.44 ± 0.234	7.58 ± 0.179

SD: stander deviation.

Table 8. Total protein efficiency of whole Prosopis pods meal.

Measurements/chicken/day	Control	WPPM	SEM	p value
Body weight gain, g	79.5^a	67.5^b	3.95	.01
Feed intake, g	82.2	87.0	6.12	.63
Protein intake, g	14.9	15.6	1.1	.66
Total protein efficiency	0.188^b	0.232^a	0.093	.001

^a,bMeans within row not sharing a common superscript are significantly different (p > .05), SEM: standard error of mean, p value: probability level.

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