Cottonseed cake as a substitute of soybean meal for goat kids

Figures & data

Table 1. Chemical composition of the ingredients in the experimental diets.

Item	Tifton-85 hay	Ground corn	Soybean meal	Cottonseed cake
Dry matter, g/kg	911.80	891.70	930.70	926.80
Mineral matter, g/kg DM	60.80	12.20	64.00	65.10
Crude protein, g/kg DM	51.00	65.08	500.05	230.10
Ether extract, g/kg DM	1.13	4.39	1.87	15.61
Neutral detergent fibre, g/kg DM	752.30	131.00	156.40	519.10
Acid detergent fibre, g/kg DM	380.50	37.20	77.20	290.40
NDFap^a, g/kg DM	692.60	920.20	680.40	419.20
Lignin, g/kg DM	53.60	10.80	8.50	11.63
Total carbohydrates, g/kg DM	876.90	878.10	416.80	548.70
Non-fibrous carbohydrates, g/kg DM	124.60	747.10	260.40	129.50
Total digestible nutrients, g/kg DM^b	541.60	873.80	781.00	710.80

g/kg: grams/kilogram; g/kd DM: grams/kilogram of dry matter; DM: dry matter.

^a NDFap: neutral detergent fibre corrected for ash and protein.

^b Values estimated based on Detmann et al. (2006a, 2006b, 2006c, 2007) equations.

Table 2. Ingredients and chemical composition of experimental diets.

Ingredients	Substitution level, % DM
	0	33	66	100
Tifton-85 hay, g/kg	500.0	500.0	500.0	500.0
Ground corn, g/kg	349.0	347.0	345.0	343.0
Soybean meal, g/kg	120.0	80.0	40.0	0.0
Cottonseed cake, g/kg	0.0	40.0	80.0	120.0
Urea + ammonia sulphate, g/kg	16.0	18.0	20.0	22.0
Mineral mixture^a, g/kg	15.0	15.0	15.0	15.0
Chemical composition
Dry matter, g/kg DM	909.8	902.2	910.3	910.6
Mineral matter, g/kg DM	57.3	57.4	57.4	57.4
Crude protein, g/kg DM	147.7	141.7	135.6	129.6
Ether extract, g/kg DM	23.2	28.6	32.5	36.8
NDFap, g/kg DM	386.7	400.5	414.4	428.2
Acid detergent fibre, g/kg DM	212.5	221.0	229.4	237.9
Lignin, g/kg DM	31.6	35.9	40.2	44.5
Total carbohydrates, g/kg DM	755.7	754.3	753.0	751.6
Non-fibrous carbohydrates, g/kg DM	425.5	412.5	399.4	386.4
Total digestible nutrients, g/kg DM^b	624.8	588.9	620.9	600.0

g/kg: grams/kilogram; g/kd DM: grams/kilogram of dry matter; DM: dry matter.

^a Provides per kg, in active ingredients: calcium 120.00 g; phosphorus 87.00 g; sodium 147.00 g; sulphur 18.00 g; copper 590.00 mg; cobalt 40.00 mg; chrome 20.00 mg; iron 1,800.00 mg; iodine 80.00 mg; manganese 1,300.00 mg; selenium 15.00 mg; zinc 3,800.00 mg; molybdenum 300.00 mg; maximum fluoride 870.00 mg; phosphorus (P) solubility in citric acid at 2% minimum −95%. NDFap: neutral detergent fibre corrected for ash and protein.

^b Values estimated based on Detmann et al. (2006a, 2006b, 2006c, 2007) equations.

Table 3. Daily intake of nutritional components by crossbred Boer goat kids fed diets containing cottonseed cake substituting soybean meal.

Item	Substitution level, % DM				SEM^a	p value^b
	0	33	66	100		Linear	Quadratic
Intake, kg/day
DM	0.786	0.809	0.749	0.768	0.026	.642	.646
OM	0.741	0.758	0.707	0.722	0.025	.669	.643
CP	0.130	0.172	0.155	0.157	0.006	.209	.079
EE	0.012	0.010	0.011	0.013	0.002	.234	.048
NDFap	0.279	0.348	0.278	0.328	0.015	.567	.765
NFC	0.290	0.326	0.241	0.243	0.010	.968	.413
TDN	0.487	0.460	0.464	0.460	0.074	.518	.638

DM: Dry matter; OM: organic matter; CP: crude protein; EE: ether extract; NDFap: neutral detergent fibre corrected for ash and protein; NFC: non-fibrous carbohydrate; TDN: total digestible nutrients; kg/day: kilograms/day; SEM: standard error of the mean

^a Standard error of the mean.

^b p value significant probability at 5%.

Table 4. Digestibility of dry matter and nutrients (%) in diets containing cottonseed cake substituting soybean meal for crossbred Boer goat kids.

Item, %	Substitution level, % DM				SEM^a	p value^b
	0	33	66	100		Linear	Quadratic
DM	64.32	58.04	59.14	59.19	1.811	.358	.393
OM	66.30	59.70	61.27	60.65	1.773	.315	.404
CP	70.19	72.33	74.93	73.16	1.402	.352	.507
EE	65.81	57.04	63.27	65.20	1.583	.929	.142
NDF	53.50	54.04	56.60	56.86	2.075	.523	.975
NFC	62.91	50.22	55.79	49.48	2.654	.352	.573
TDN	57.16	52.71	58.61	55.55	1.809	.315	.404

DM: Dry matter; OM: organic matter; CP: crude protein; EE: ether extract; NDF: neutral detergent fibre; NFC: non-fibrous carbohydrates; TDN: total digestible nutrients; SEM: standard error of the mean.

^a Standard error of the mean.

^b p value significant probability at 5%.

Table 5. Production performance of crossbred Boer goat kids fed diets containing cottonseed cake substituting soybean meal.

Variable	Substitution level, % DM				SEM^a	p value
	0	33	66	100		Linear	Quadratic
Initial weight	16.600	16.580	16.600	16.600	1.219	.996	.992
Final weight	24.510	24.450	24.300	23.580	0.958	.410	.660
TWG, kg	6.966	6.775	6.780	5.980	0.361	.389	.756
DWG, kg/day	0.110	0.107	0.107	0.094	0.006	.389	.756
FC	9.560	10.040	10.270	11.690	0.421	.094	.612

TWG: total weight gain; DWG: daily weight gain; FC: feed conversion; SEM: standard error of the mean; kg: kilogram; kg/day: kilogram/day.

^a Standard error of the mean.

^b p value significant probability at the 5%.

Table 6. Nitrogen balance in crossbred Boer goat kids fed diets containing cottonseed cake substituting soybean meal.

Variable	Substitution level, % DM				SEM^a	p value
	0	33	66	100		Linear	Quadratic
N intake	14.55	18.84	17.15	17.43	0.930	.289	.055
N faeces	3.89	6.09	6.57	6.62	0.550	.001	.251
N urine	6.47	5.26	4.64	3.08	0.420	.001	.696
Digested N	10.66	12.12	10.58	10.75	0.860	.738	.449
Retained N	4.70	6.63	5.41	7.67	0.960	.096	.147

^a Standard error of the mean.

^b p value significant probability at the 5%. N: nitrogen; SEM: standard error of the mean; DM: dry matter.

Table 7. Number and average time spent per feeding, rumination and idle period and DM and NDF intakes per feeding period by crossbred Boer goat kids fed diets containing cottonseed cake substituting soybean meal.

Item	Substitution level, % DM				SEM^a	p value
	0	33	66	100		Linear	Quadratic
Number of periods, n/d
Feeding	17.250	20.370	20.870	17.250	0.69	.944	.015
Rumination	27.620	28.750	25.370	30.620	0.94	.495	.271
Idle	40.750	42.500	43.250	41.870	1.00	.663	.455
Time spent per period, min
Feeding	14.090	13.050	11.810	16.330	0.73	.384	.059
Rumination	16.070	15.900	16.080	15.120	0.66	.671	.776
Idle	19.920	16.660	18.770	17.500	0.71	.374	.374
Intake per feeding period, kg
DM	0.0440	0.0444	0.0397	0.0470	0.00	.788	.357
NDF	0.0213	0.0225	0.0213	0.0284	0.00	.058	.203

n/d: number/day; min: minutes; kg: kilogram; DM: dry matter; NDF: neutral detergent fiber; SEM; standard error of the mean

^a Standard error of the mean.

^b p value significant probability at the 5%.

Table 8. Intakes of dry matter (DMI) and neutral detergent fibre (NDFI) and feeding, rumination, chewing and idle times by crossbred Boer goat kids fed diets containing cottonseed cake substituting soybean meal.

Item	Substitution level, % DM				SEM^a	p value
	0	33	66	100		Linear	Quadratic
Intake in 24 h, g/d
DMI	748.80	898.24	803.45	811.86	39.56	.476	.666
NDFI	366.07	456.33	429.87	492.53	27.22	.919	.401
Feeding
min/d	200.00	248.75	245.00	271.87	11.15	.034	.606
min/kg DM	329.39	295.37	306.27	387.37	22.67	.376	.220
min/kg NDF	686.35	585.33	572.10	671.72	45.95	.900	.297
Rumination
min/d	200.00	248.75	245.00	271.87	11.15	.034	.606
min/kg DM	329.39	295.37	306.27	387.37	22.67	.376	.220
min/kg NDF	686.35	585.33	572.10	671.72	45.95	.900	.297
Chewing
number/cud	52.31	57.51	59.24	56.38	2.23	.512	.421
seconds/boli	48.23	51.22	53.11	50.84	1.61	.120	.212
number/day	22,661.90	37254.70	33,845.10	36,217.00	1827.00	.013	.062
hour/day	11.12	11.88	10.77	12.02	0.31	.696	.150
min/kg DM	913.14	819.44	812.76	959.76	33.24	.644	.078
min/kg NDF	1917.81	1631.85	1520.07	1637.60	78.23	.182	.199
Idle
min/d	812.50	699.37	779.37	765.00	23.99	.775	.317

h: hours; DM: dry matter; NDF: neutral detergent fiber; g/d: grams/day; min/d: minutes/day; min/kg: minutes/kilogram; NDF: neutral detergent fiber; SEM: standard error of the mean

^a Standard error of the mean.

^b p value significant probability at the 5%. min: minutes.

Table 9. Frequency of feeding, rumination and idle activities by crossbred Boer goat kids correlated with the cottonseed cake substitution levels in the diets.

Item	Substitution level, % DM				SEM^a	p value
	0	33	66	100		Linear	Quadratic
Feeding	13.91	17.51	17.01	18.88	0.78	.039	.562
Rumination	29.59	33.42	28.86	27.99	1.23	.401	.357
Idleness	56.48	49.05	54.12	53.12	1.62	.735	.339

SEM: standard error of the mean.

^a Standard error of the mean.

^b p value significant probability at the 5%.

Table 10. Feeding and rumination efficiencies of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) in crossbred Boer goat kids fed diets containing cottonseed cake substituting soybean meal.

Item	Substitution level, % DM				SEM^a	p value
	0	33	66	100		Linear	Quadratic
Feeding efficiency
g DM/h	197.16	213.36	212.19	190.59	11.46	.841	.434
g NDF/h	95.51	107.56	113.01	115.79	6.61	.285	.730
Rumination efficiency
g DM/h	105.86	119.89	120.46	108.28	3.80	.828	.095
g NDF/h	51.67	60.72	64.38	65.03	2.86	.040	.357
g DM/cud	1.95	1.91	1.59	1.58	0.07	.039	.868
g NDF/cud	0.96	0.96	0.84	0.94	0.04	.651	.567
Cuds (number/d)	398.53	481.39	525.90	533.97	25.61	.053	.451

DM: dry matter; NDF: neutral detergent fiber; g DM/h: grams of dry matter/hour; g NDF/hour: grams of neutral detergent fiber/hour; g DM/cud: grams of dry matter/cud; g FDN/cud: grams of neutral detergent fiber/cud; number/d: number/day; SEM: standard error of the mean.

^a Standard error of the mean.

^b p value significant probability at the 5%.

Detmann E, Pina DS, Valadares Filho SC, Campos JMS, Paulino MF, Oliveira AS, Silva PA, Henriques LT. 2006a. Estimation of crude protein digestible fraction in cattle diets under Brazilian conditions. Rev Bras Zootec. 35:2101–2109.

 Google Scholar

Detmann E, Valadares Filho SC, Henriques LT, Pina DS, Paulino MF, Valadares RFD, Chizzotti ML, Magalhães KA. 2006b. Estimation of nonfiber carbohydrates digestibility in cattle using the Lucas test approach under Brazilian conditions. Rev Bras Zootec. 35:1479–1486.

 Google Scholar

Detmann E, Valadares Filho SC, Pina DS, Campos JMS, Paulino MF, Oliveira AS, Silva PA. 2006c. Estimation of ether extract digestibility in diets of ruminants: a model under Brazilian conditions. Rev Bras Zootec. 35:1469–1478.

 Google Scholar

Detmann E, Valadares Filho SC, Henriques LT, Pina DS, Paulino MF, Magalhães ALR, Figueiredo DM, Porto MO, Chizzotti ML. 2007. Reparameterization of the model based on Surface Law to predict the digestible fraction of neutral detergent fiber in Brazilian cattle. Rev Bras Zootec. 36:155–164.

 Google Scholar