Crushed crambe from biodiesel production as replacement for soybean meal in the supplement of steers grazing

Figures & data

Table 1. Ingredient proportions and chemical composition of the experimental supplementation.

Item	Crushed crambe level, g/kg DM
Ingredients, g/kg DM
Crushed crambe	0.00	25.00	50.00	100.00	150.00
Soybean meal	150.00	125.00	100.00	50.00	–
Whole rice meal	400.00	400.00	400.00	400.00	400.00
Ground corn	376.00	375.00	373.00	369.00	366.00
Urea	4.00	5.00	7.00	11.00	14.00
Mineral mixture^a	20.00	20.00	20.00	20.00	20.00
Limestone	25.00	25.00	25.00	25.00	25.00
Ammonium sulphate	10.00	10.00	10.00	10.00	10.00
Dicalcium phosphate	15.00	15.00	15.00	15.00	15.00
Chemical composition, g/kg DM
Dry matter (as fed)	927.00	918.00	937.00	924.00	922.00
Crude protein	153.00	149.00	155.00	156.00	150.00
Ether extract	96.00	96.30	99.10	99.80	114.00
Neutral detergent fibre	519.00	369.00	421.00	364.00	391.00
Acid detergent fibre	74.90	58.70	91.10	64.70	67.10
Non-fibrous carbohydrates	384.00	534.00	476.00	532.00	493.00
Total digestible nutrients^b	844.00	847.00	797.00	802.00	813.00

^a Guaranteed levels (for active elements): calcium, 120.00 g; phosphorus, 88.00 g; iodine, 75.00 mg; manganese, 1300.00 mg; sodium, 126.00 g; selenium, 15.00 mg; sulphur, 12.00 mg; zinc, 3630.00 mg; cobalt, 55.50 mg; copper, 1530.00 mg and iron, 1800.00 mg.

^b According to NRC (2000).

Table 2. Availability and chemical composition of U. brizantha as roughage.

	Crushed crambe level, g/kg
Pasture availability (U. brizantha)	0	25	50	100	150
Total dry matter production, ton/ha	7.21	7.34	6.64	7.13	6.92
Natural matter production, ton/ha	5.28	5.58	4.51	4.77	4.82
Leaf, g/kg	367.80	429.90	390.60	365.60	356.50
Stem, g/kg	365.10	331.20	290.00	304.30	340.60
Senescent material, g/kg	267.20	238.90	319.50	330.10	303.20
Chemical composition, g/kg DM
Dry matter (as fed)	164.80	152.70	159.10	166.30	150.10
Crude protein	65.10	68.40	58.20	56.30	53.10
Ether extract	10.80	9.90	8.92	9.81	9.04
Neutral detergent fibre	697.80	686.80	699.70	698.78	717.75
Acid detergent fibre	358.80	345.90	347.20	348.10	364
Acid detergent lignin	210.10	196.70	202.80	213.30	203.80
Non-fibrous carbohydrates	91.30	90.50	106.60	116.70	99.60
Total digestible nutrients^a	546.80	551.20	545.90	546.80	538.70
TDN:CP ratio^b	8.40	8.06	9.40	9.71	10.20

^a According to NRC (2000).

^b TDN: CP ratio Ratio between total digestible nutrients and crude protein.

Table 3. Intake and total apparent digestibility of steers grazing and supplemented with diets containing crushed crambe.

Item	Crushed crambe level, g/kg DM					SEM^a	p Value^b
	0	25	50	100	150		Linear	Quadratic
Intake, kg/day
DM grass	2.83	2.97	2.44	2.43	2.94	0.12	0.46	0.88
DM supplement	3.94	3.93	4.11	3.99	4.07	0.03	0.003	0.24
DM total	6.77	6.91	6.55	6.42	7.01	0.10	0.75	0.753
Crude protein	0.84	0.79	0.79	0.74	0.72	0.02	0.006	0.77
NDF	3.92	3.20	3.55	3.32	3.40	0.13	0.096	0.002
Intake, g/kg BW
DM grass	4.65	5.40	4.51	4.52	5.62	0.23	0.46	0.98
DM supplement	7.32	7.27	7.59	7.32	7.58	0.06	0.76	0.54
DM total	11.97	12.67	12.10	11.84	12.20	0.16	0.65	0.65
Digestibility, g/kg
Dry matter (DM)	709.10	665.20	722.00	718.90	696.30	20.20	0.76	0.65
Crude protein	854.10	821.60	858.40	844.10	817.70	10.31	0.32	0.66
NDF	709.40	605.60	719.20	696.90	680.20	8.18	0.77	0.34

^a Standard error of the mean.

^b Significance at p < 0.05.

Figure 1. Supplement intake as a function of time after the supply and concentration of crushed crambe.

Figure 2. Supplement intake as a function of time after the supply and replacement levels of crushed crambe, with emphasis on the range of 0–100 min.

Table 4. Ruminal fermentation of rumen fluid of steers grazing and supplemented with diets containing crushed crambe.

Ruminal variable	Crushed crambe level, g/kg DM					SEM^a	p Value^b
	0	25	50	100	150		Linear	Quadratic
pH	6.76	6.49	6.47	6.49	6.59	0.05	0.004	0.34
N–NH3, mg/dL	15.50	15.20	15.50	17.40	17.60	0.51	0.45	0.43
Volatile fatty acids, mmol/L
Acetate	175.00	186.00	187.00	175.00	190.00	3.51	0.53	0.88
Propionate	45.70	54.90	53.00	54.20	53.20	0.79	0.023	0.75
Butyrate	33.40	32.20	32.40	32.10	32.20	0.44	0.009	0.03
Isobutyrate	2.56	2.46	2.44	2.47	2.35	0.05	0.54	0.80
Valerate	3.64	3.24	3.20	3.42	3.15	0.06	0.32	0.65
Isovalerate	11.00	11.60	12.80	12.40	13.70	0.37	0.005	0.050
Total short-chain fatty acids	271.30	290.40	290.84	279.59	294.60	0.03	0.43	0.006
C2:C3^c	3.79	3.42	3.51	3.30	3.57	4.48	0.09	0.32
% Total short-chain fatty acids
Acetate	64.1	63.7	63.9	61.4	64.2	0.47	0.87	0.77
Propionate	17.00	19.20	18.40	19.90	18.20	0.29	0.007	0.33
Butyrate	12.50	11.10	11.20	11.90	11.00	0.17	0.007	0.004
Isobutyrate	0.99	0.86	0.86	0.90	0.81	0.01	0.13	0.28
Valerate	1.43	1.15	1.14	1.24	1.09	0.03	0.023	0.09
Isovalerate	3.96	3.94	4.41	4.61	4.59	0.13	0.24	0.016

^a SEM Standard error of the mean.

^b p value Significance at p < 0.05.

^c C2:C3 Acetate:propionate ratio.

Table 5. Nitrogen (N) balance and microbial protein synthesis of steers grazing and supplemented with diets containing crushed crambe.

Variable	Crushed crambe level, g/kg DM					SEM^a	p Value^b
	0	25	50	100	150		Linear	Quadratic
N intake, g/day	132.00	120.90	124.74	115.03	116.42	9.87	0.43	0.77
Faecal N excretion, g/day	19.67	22.42	17.99	18.64	21.23	1.56	0.65	0.87
Urinary N excretion, g/day	8.28	6.07	7.52	8.53	10.70	2.09	0.004	0.54
Total N excretion, g/day	27.85	28.47	25.51	27.18	31.87	2.45	0.23	0.65
N retention
g/kg DM ingested	49.20	44.10	48.10	42.10	39.10	3.03	0.57	0.09
g/day	65.00	53.30	60.00	48.50	45.60	2.65	0.004	0.34
N balance, g/day	104.06	92.45	99.54	87.85	84.05	3.67	0.009	0.23
Microbial protein synthesis, g/day
Microbial N	77.60	70.30	93.70	71.30	70.10	4.48	0.76	0.55
Microbial CP	485.00	440.00	586.00	445.00	438.00	28.10	0.76	0.55
Efficiency^c	102.00	87.00	117.00	93.00	97.00	5.08	0.43	0.79
Urea, mg/dL
Urinary	123.25	133.86	147.69	152.78	127.16	7.09	0.34	0.88
Plasmatic	28.86	31.36	31.87	33.64	30.78	2.45	0.45	0.23
Creatinine, mg/dL
Urinary	84.31	102.81	93.04	102.76	95.74	7.76	0.35	0.99
Plasmatic	1.26	1.32	1.36	1.36	1.30	0.07	0.12	0.57
Nitrogen equivalence (mg/kg of BW)
Urinary	185.44	165.09	208.32	183.32	164.39	8.98	0.34	0.76
Creatinine	10.24	10.22	10.23	10.24	10.21	0.05	0.34	0.98

^a Standard error of the mean.

^b Significance at p < 0.05.

^c g Microbial CP/kg TDN.

NRC. 2000. Nutrient requirements of beef cattle. 7th ed. Washington, DC, USA: The National Academic Press.

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