Effects of concentrate supplementation on fatty acid composition and expression of lipogenic genes of meat and adipose tissues in grazing lambs

Figures & data

Table 1. Percentage of contribution for each forage species.

	NG^a		GS^b
	1–30 d	31–60 d	1–30 d	31–60 d
Vegetation species (% dry matter basis)
Stipa capillata	66.78	3.82	39.37	1.6
Cleistogenes Keng	1.32	3.82	38.19	1.04
Artemisia aurata	1.18	3.18	3.78	11.36
Caragana	2.76	77.83	11.18	0.8
Ammopiptanthus mongolicus	21.38	5.41	2.36	7.2
Ceratoides lanata	5.92	1.15	3.15	76.8
Salsola collina	0.66	4.78	1.97	1.2
Forage intake (kg/d)	1.52	1.57	1.27	1.25

^aNG, natural grazing.

^bGS, grazing with supplementary feeding.

Table 2. Ingredients of the concentrate offered to supplementary feeding lambs (% dry matter basis).

	Periods
	1–30 d	31–60 d
Corn	50.80	64.10
Rapeseed meal	5.00	5.50
Soybean meal	12.50	0.00
Cottonseed meal	9.00	9.60
Distillers dried grains with solubles	18.90	18.00
Premix^a	0.60	0.40
CaHPO4	0.50	0.50
NaCl	1.20	0.80
Sodium bicarbonate	1.50	1.10
Concentrate intake (kg/d)	0.27	0.54

^aProvided per kg of premix (vitamin K and water-soluble vitamins only for kid goats)：Iron (Fe) 20 g, Copper (Cu) 4 g, Zinc (Zn) 25 g, Manganese (Mn) 15 g, Iodine (I) 150 mg, Selenium (Se) 150 mg, Cobalt (Co) 130 mg, Vitamin A (VA) 25000 IU, Vitamin D (VD1) 250000 IU, Vitamin E (VE) 2500 IU, Vitamin K (VK3) 300 mg, Vitamin B1 (VB1) 60 mg, Vitamin B2 (VB2) 850 mg, Vitamin B6 (VB6) 150 mg, Nicotinic acid 3500 mg, D-pantothenic acid 2800 mg, Folic acid 25 mg.

Table 3. Nutrient content of diets offered to lambs (% dry matter basis).

	NG		GS
	1–30 d	31–60 d	1–30 d	31–60 d
Digestible energy (MJ/kg total dry matter)	10.67	10.30	10.94	11.01
Crude protein	7.94	5.46	10.05	8.78
Ether extract	1.79	1.53	1.84	2.18
Neutral detergent fibre	65.84	66.47	58.52	55.90
Acid detergent fibre	44.09	40.80	38.30	33.18
Calcium	1.04	0.99	0.90	0.83
Phosphorus	0.15	0.07	0.23	0.27

NG: natural grazing; GS: grazing with supplementary feeding.

Table 4. Primer pairs sequences for quantitative real-time PCR.

Gene symbol	Primer pairs(5′-3′)	Accessions number	Annealing temperature(°C)	Length（bp）
β-actin	F: ACTGGGACGACATGGAGAAGA	U39357	60	199
	R: GCGTACAGGGACAGCACAG
PPARγ	F:GACCACTCCCATGCCTTTGATA	AY137204	58	140
	R:TCTTGGAGCTTCAGGTCATACTTAT
SREBP1c	F:GCCTTCTATTACATCCACAACCTTG	AB355703	60	221
	R:AGATTATCCAGCATCCGCATGAG
C/EBPα	F:TCAAAGCCAAGAAGTCCG	KF830871	58	295
	R:TCAGTTGTTCCACCCGCT
FAS	F:GCAACCAGGGGAGACCGT	AB011671	60	300
	R:CTGAGGGCAATGGCGATGG
LPL	F:TCAGGCGTCTTTGCGGGTAT	X68308	60	194
	R:GCCTGTTTCATTGCGTTTG
ACC	F:ACCCAACCCAGAAAGGTCAGT	NM_001009256	60	125
	R:TCCCACGGGTATTCCTCCTA
HSL	F:ACACCTGCCGCACAAATCG	EU273879-1	60	157
	R:CAATTACCCTCTCATCACCCTCAA

β-actin: Beta-actin; PPARγ: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; SREBP1c: Sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1c; C/EBPα: CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins alpha; FAS: Fatty acid synthetase; LPL: Lipoprotein lipase; ACC: Acetyl-CoA carboxylase; HSL: Hormone-sensitive lipase.

Table 5. Effects of fattening ways and breeds on FA profile in LT muscle of lambs (g/100g total fatty acid).

FA	Fattening ways		Breeds		SEM^3	P value
	NG	GS	HL	HZ		P1	P2
C12:0	0.151^b	0.214^a	0.186^a	0.178^a	0.136	.0003	.5540
C14:0	0.232^a	0.236^a	0.210^b	0.262^a	0.017	.6240	.0080
C14:1	1.250^a	0.936^b	1.080^a	1.110^a	0.052	.0001	.6500
C15:0	0.151^a	0.098^b	0.134^a	0.115^b	0.005	.0001	.0460
C16:0	6.902^a	6.425^a	6.728^a	6.590^a	0.301	.1260	.6570
C16:1	1.308^a	1.107^b	1.112^a	1.283^a	0.091	.0480	.1460
C18:0	13.250^a	14.419^a	13.546^a	14.269^a	0.417	.1320	.1970
C18:1n9t	1.716^a	1.722^a	1.663^a	1.776^a	0.139	.9690	.4280
C18:1n9c	43.998^b	44.780^a	44.967^a	43.690^a	0.052	.0470	.5080
C18:2n6t	0.530^a	0.536^a	0.529^a	0.536^a	0.049	.9020	.8810
C18:2n6c	6.604^b	7.039^a	6.464^b	6.963^a	0.152	.0010	.0160
C18:3n6	0.098^b	0.133^a	0.089^b	0.142^a	0.011	.0060	.0002
C18:3n3	1.890^a	1.570^b	1.908^a	1.599^b	0.012	.0200	.0200
C20:3n6	0.104^a	0.098^a	0.085^b	0.117^a	0.008	.4870	.0020
C20:3n3	1.358^a	1.228^a	1.282^a	1.304^a	0.015	.4000	.8820
C20:4n6	0.100^a	0.097^a	0.090^b	0.110^a	0.02	.4500	.0100
C20:5n3	0.066^a	0.044^b	0.042^b	0.067^a	0.003	.0001	.0001
C22:6n3	1.305^a	1.104^b	1.259^a	1.149^a	0.092	.0430	.2450
SFA	34.366^b	35.179^a	34.813^a	34.878^a	1.081	.0480	.9680
UFA	65.634^a	64.821^a	65.187^a	65.122^a	0.938	.6080	.9570
MUFA	51.974^b	53.000^a	52.341^a	51.754^a	0.052	.0200	.9130
PUFA	13.660^a	13.616^b	13.791^a	12.921^a	0.437	.0470	.1010
n-6PUFA	8.838^a	9.500^a	8.771^a	8.724^a	0.203	.4680	.8460
n-3PUFA	4.822^a	4.116^b	4.517^a	4.348^a	0.193	.0090	.4890
n-6/n-3	1.833^a	2.308^a	1.998^a	2.174^a	0.200	.5760	.1590
S/U	0.524^a	0.514^a	0.520^a	0.526^a	0.018	.4690	.7710
P/S	0.397^a	0.399^a	0.397^a	0.408^a	0.016	.7440	.4720

FA: fatty acids; NG: natural grazing; GS: grazing with supplementary feeding; HL: Hulunbeier lambs; HZ: Hulunbeier × Dorper crossbred lambs; LT: longissimus thoracis; SEM: standard error of the mean; SFA: total saturated fatty acids, sum of C8:0, C10:0, C12:0, C13:0, C14:0, C15:0, C16:0, C17:0,C18:0, C20:0, C21:0, C22:0 and C23:0; MUFA: total monounsaturated fatty acids, sum of C14:1, C15:1, C16:1, C17:1, C18:1n9t, C18:1n9c, C20:1, C22:1 and C24:1; PUFA: total polyunsaturated fatty acids, sum of n-6PUFA and n-3PUFA; n-6PUFA, sum of C18:2n6t, C18:2n6c, C18:3n6, C22:2n6, C20:3n6, C20:4n6 and C22:2n6; n-3PUFA: sum of C18:3n3, C20:3n3, C20:5n3 and C22:6n3; UFA: total unsaturated fatty acids, sum of MUFA and PUFA; n-6/n-3: n-6PUFA/n-3PUFA; S/U: SFA/UFA; P/S: PUFA/SFA.

P1: P value of feeding regimens. Means within a row with different superscripts (a, b) are different between the two fattening ways (P < .05). P2: P value of breeds. Means within a row with different superscripts (a, b) are different between the two breeds.

Table 6. Effects of fattening ways and breeds on FA profile in SAT of lambs (g/100g total fatty acid).

FA	Fattening ways		Breeds		SEM	P value
	NG	GS	HL	HZ		P1	P2
C12:0	0.940^b	1.076^a	0.918^b	1.098^a	0.025	.0001	.0001
C14:0	0.277^a	0.290^a	0.263^b	0.307^a	0.007	.0540	.0001
C14:1	1.320^a	1.306^a	1.246^b	1.374^a	0.025	.7700	.0001
C15:0	0.889^a	0.772^b	0.917^a	0.744^b	0.03	.0010	.0001
C16:0	13.711^b	14.118^a	13.723^b	14.159^a	0.155	.0220	.0240
C16:1	2.139^a	1.792^b	1.888^b	2.043^a	0.029	.0001	.0001
C18:0	18.049^a	17.788^a	18.069^a	17.828^a	0.131	.1150	.1150
C18:1n9t	3.868^a	2.118^b	3.023^a	2.959^a	0.073	.0001	.3580
C18:1n9c	23.011^b	25.383^a	24.393^a	24.001^a	0.139	.0001	.0120
C18:2n6t	1.086^b	1.922^a	1.629^a	1.380^b	0.051	.0001	.0002
C18:2n6c	4.021^b	5.132^a	4.001^b	5.001^a	0.158	.0001	.0040
C18:3n6	0.279^a	0.283^a	0.298^a	0.264^b	0.008	.6360	.0008
C18:3n3	1.523^a	0.894^b	1.293^a	1.524^a	0.008	.0001	.7120
C20:3n6	0.011^b	0.016^a	0.016^a	0.011^b	0.001	.0001	.0002
C20:3n3	0.136^a	0.049^b	0.101^a	0.084^b	0.004	.0001	.0008
C20:4n6	0.022^a	0.020^a	0.023^a	0.019^b	0.001	.1230	.0010
C20:5n3	0.032^a	0.015^b	0.024^a	0.022^a	0.001	.0001	.0800
C22:6n3	0.422^a	0.093^b	0.262^a	0.253^a	0.021	.0001	.6660
SFA	50.703^b	51.445^a	50.468^b	51.680^a	0.021	.0030	.0001
UFA	49.297^a	48.555^b	49.532^a	48.320^b	0.186	.0030	.0001
MUFA	34.594^b	34.908^a	34.901^a	34.600^b	0.128	.0260	.0320
PUFA	14.703^a	13.637^b	14.630^a	13.720^b	0.233	.0003	.0010
n-6PUFA	11.992^b	12.596^a	12.750^a	11.838^b	0.176	.0040	.0001
n-3PUFA	2.711^a	1.052^b	1.880^a	1.882^a	0.095	.0001	.9800
n-6/n-3	4.456^b	11.693^a	7.895^a	7.450^a	0.289	.0001	.1660
S/U	1.029^b	1.060^a	1.019^b	1.070^a	0.008	.0030	.0001
P/S	0.290^a	0.266^b	0.290^a	0.266^b	0.006	.0005	.0006

FA: fatty acids; NG: natural grazing; GS: grazing with supplementary feeding; HL: Hulunbeier lambs; HZ: Hulunbeier × Dorper crossbred lambs; SAT: subcutaneous adipose tissues; SEM: standard error of the mean; SFA: total saturated fatty acids, sum of C8:0, C10:0, C12:0, C13:0, C14:0, C15:0, C16:0, C17:0,C18:0, C20:0, C21:0, C22:0 and C23:0; MUFA: total monounsaturated fatty acids, sum of C14:1, C15:1, C16:1, C17:1, C18:1n9t, C18:1n9c, C20:1, C22:1 and C24:1; PUFA: total polyunsaturated fatty acids, sum of n-6PUFA and n-3PUFA; n-6PUFA, sum of C18:2n6t, C18:2n6c, C18:3n6, C22:2n6, C20:3n6, C20:4n6 and C22:2n6; n-3PUFA: sum of C18:3n3, C20:3n3, C20:5n3 and C22:6n3; UFA: total unsaturated fatty acids, sum of MUFA and PUFA; n-6/n-3: n-6PUFA/n-3PUFA; S/U: SFA/UFA; P/S: PUFA/SFA.

P1: P value of feeding regimens. Means within a row with different superscripts (a, b) are different between the two fattening ways (P < .05). P2: P value of breeds. Means within a row with different superscripts (a, b) are different between the two breeds.

Table 7. Effect of feeding system on relative expression of lipogenic and lipolysis genes in the LT muscle of lambs.

Gene symbol	HL		HZ		SEM	Fattening ways		Breeds		P value
	NG	GS	NG	GS		NG	GS	HL	HZ	P1	P2	P1 × P2
FAS	0.010^C	0.032^B	0.010^C	0.116^A	0.007	0.010^b	0.074^a	0.021^b	0.063^a	.0001	.0001	.0001
ACC	0.008^C	0.010^B	0.018^A	0.018^A	0.002	0.013^a	0.014^a	0.009^b	0.018^a	.2300	.0010	.0001
HSL	0.136^A	0.112^B	0.036^C	0.029^D	0.003	0.086^a	0.071^b	0.124^a	0.033^b	.0200	.0009	.0001
LPL	0.105^C	0.120^B	0.133^A	0.134^A	0.005	0.115^b	0.125^a	0.110^b	0.130^a	.0200	.0001	.0400
SREBP1c	0.036^C	0.102^A	0.069^B	0.107^A	0.006	0.049^b	0.104^a	0.072^b	0.096^a	.0020	.0020	.0001
PPARγ	0.016^D	0.041^C	0.055^B	0.072^A	0.003	0.036^b	0.057^a	0.029^b	0.064^a	.0200	.0001	.0001
C/EBPα	0.006^D	0.008^C	0.011^B	0.017^A	0.001	0.009^b	0.013^a	0.007^b	0.014^a	.0001	.0050	.0001

FA: fatty acids; PPARγ: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; SREBP1c: Sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1c; C/EBPα: CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins alpha; FAS: Fatty acid synthetase; LPL: Lipoprotein lipase; ACC: Acetyl-CoA carboxylase; HSL: Hormone-sensitive lipase; SEM: standard error of the mean; NG: natural grazing; GS: grazing with supplementary feeding; HL: Hulunbeier lambs; HZ: Hulunbeier × Dorper crossbred lambs.

P1: P value of feeding regimens. Means within a row with different superscripts (a, b) are different between the two fattening ways (P < .05). P2: P value of breeds. Means within a row with different superscripts (a, b) are different between the two breeds. P1 × P2: P value of interactions of fattening ways and breeds. Means within a row with different superscripts (A, B, C, D) are different.

Table 8. Effect of feeding system on relative expression of lipogenic and lipolysis genes in the SAT of lambs.

Gene symbol	HL		HZ		SEM	Fattening ways		Breeds		P value
	NG	GS	NG	GS		NG	GS	HL	HZ	P1	P2	P1 × P2
FAS	0.0005^D	0.0009^C	0.007^B	0.009^A	0.0002	0.0004^b	0.0005^a	0.0007^b	0.008^a	.0001	.0001	.0020
ACC	0.010^D	0.015^C	0.023^B	0.080^A	0.0002	0.017^b	0.045^a	0.013^b	0.052^a	.0001	.0001	.0001
HSL	0.006^A	0.003^B	0.002^C	0.0007^D	0.0002	0.004^a	0.002^b	0.004^a	0.001^b	.0001	.0001	.0002
LPL	0.143^C	0.263^B	0.270^B	0.335^A	0.016	0.210^b	0.295^a	0.200^b	0.300^a	.0001	.0001	.0080
SREBP1c	0.010^D	0.027^C	0.036^B	0.129^A	0.002	0.023^b	0.078^a	0.019^b	0.165^a	.0001	.0001	.0001
PPARγ	0.150^C	0.288^B	0.149^C	0.377^A	0.013	0.150^b	0.408^a	0.219^b	0.263^a	.0001	.0004	.0001
C/EBPα	0.049^C	0.107^B	0.055^C	0.118^A	0.005	0.052^b	0.113^a	0.078^a	0.087^a	.4240	.0870	.0001

PPARγ: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; SREBP1c: Sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1c; C/EBPα: CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins alpha; FAS: Fatty acid synthetase; LPL: Lipoprotein lipase; ACC: Acetyl-CoA carboxylase; HSL: Hormone-sensitive lipase; SEM: standard error of the mean; NG: natural grazing; GS: grazing with supplementary feeding; HL: Hulunbeier lambs; HZ: Hulunbeier × Dorper crossbred lambs; SAT: subcutaneous adipose tissues.

P1: P value of feeding regimens. Means within a row with different superscripts (a, b) are different between the two fattening ways (P < .05). P2: P value of breeds. Means within a row with different superscripts (a, b) are different between the two breeds. P1 × P2: P value of interactions of fattening ways and breeds. Means within a row with different superscripts (A, B, C, D) are different.

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