Feeding processed soybean to mid-lactation Holstein cows: ingestive behaviour and rumen fermentation characteristics

Figures & data

Table 1. Physical characteristics of forage and experimental diets measured using the Penn State Particle Separator.^a

	Forage		Diet LSM^b				SEM	p value
Item^c	Corn silage	Alfalfa hay	SBM	RSB	ESB	RSB + ESB
% of DM retained on sieve
19.0 mm	28.80	5.60	7.30	7.60	6.90	7.62	0.87	.48
8.0 mm	56.70	28.80	23.30	23.90	23.30	24.20	0.94	.83
1.18 mm	13.00	43.00	45.60^f	39.20^g	44.10^f	40.90^g	1.39	.04
Pan	1.50	22.70	23.90^h	29.30^f	25.60^gh	28.30^fg	2.77	.03
pef>8	0.86	0.34	0.31	0.32	0.30	0.31	0.02	.88
pef>1.18	0.99	0.77	0.76^f	0.71^h	0.74^fg	0.72^gh	0.03	.03
peNDF>8, % of DM	51.32	16.69	10.22	9.82	9.95	9.49	0.56	.64
peNDF>1.18, % of DM	59.11	37.58	25.46^f	22.05^g	24.46^f	22.08^g	0.91	.03
GMPS,^d mm	13.04	4.16	4.11	3.72	3.81	3.71	0.24	.10
SDgm,^e mm	2.06	2.93	2.95	3.16	2.97	3.08	0.05	.07

LSM: Least Square Means.

^aParticle length variables were measured using the Penn State Particle Separator (The Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Kononoff et al. 2003).

^bSBM: soybean meal at 13.9% of dietary DM; RSB: roasted soybean at 15.2% of dietary DM; ESB: extruded soybean at 15.5% of dietary DM; and RSB + ESB: roasted soybean and extruded soybean at equal blend of 7.7% of dietary DM.

^cpef > 8 and pef > 1.18: physical effectiveness factor determined as the DM proportion of particles retained on 2 sieves (19 and 8 mm) or 3 sieves (19, 8, and 1.18 mm), respectively, of the Penn State Particle Separator (Lammers et al. 1996; Kononoff et al. 2003); peNDF_>8, peNDF_>1.18: physically effective NDF calculated as dietary NDF content (% DM) multiplied by pef_>8 and pef_>1.18, respectively.

^dGeometric mean particle size, calculated according to the method of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE, 1995; method S424.1).

^eGeometric SD of particle size, calculated according to the method of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE, 1995; method S424.1).

^f–hMeans within a row with different superscripts are significantly different (p < .05).

Table 2. Nutrient intake as influenced by feeding processed soybean to mid-lactation dairy cows.

	Diet LSM^a				SEM	p value
Item	SBM	RSB	ESB	RSB + ESB
Intake, kg/d
Organic matter	21.00	20.00	20.40	20.00	0.42	.34
Crude protein	3.59^c	3.29^d	3.38^d	3.28^d	0.07	.02
NFC	8.62	8.18	8.53	7.75	0.31	.22
Neutral detergent fibre (NDF)	7.69	7.18	7.35	7.24	0.19	.26
Forage NDF	4.94	4.68	4.81	4.71	0.09	.11
Ether extract	1.02^d	1.23^c	1.26^c	1.27^c	0.02	<.01
PeNDF>8^b	2.35	2.29	2.24	2.23	0.09	.78
PeNDF>1.18^b	5.85^c	5.09^d	5.50^cd	5.21^d	0.18	.04

LSM: Least Square Means.

^aSBM = soybean meal at 13.9% of dietary DM; RSB = roasted soybean at 15.2% of dietary DM; ESB = extruded soybean at 15.5% of dietary DM; and RSB + ESB = roasted soybean and extruded soybean at equal blend of 7.7% of dietary DM.

^bpeNDF_>8 and peNDF_>1.18 = calculated by multiplying pef_>8 (DM retained on 19- and 8-mm sieves) and pef_>1.18 (DM retained on 19-, 8-, and 1.18-mm sieves) by the NDF content of the diet (DM basis), respectively.

^c,dMeans within a row with different superscripts are significantly different (p < .05).

Table 3. Sorting index, particle size intake and meal and rumination patterns as influenced by feeding processed soybean to mid-lactation dairy cows.

	Diet LSM^a				SEM	p value
Item	SBM	RSB	ESB	RSB + ESB
Sorting index,^b%
19	91.57	88.04	80.96	83.97	3.33	.17
8	98.15	98.18	97.16	98.35	0.53	.40
1.18	102.20	102.3	102.9	102.7	0.32	.36
Pan	99.70	100.7	101.5	101.3	0.70	.32
DMI, kg/d
19	1.52	1.47	1.27	1.19	0.09	.07
8	5.18	5.03	5.03	5.14	0.20	.93
1.18	10.54^c	8.61^d	10.08^c	9.09^d	0.23	<.01
Pan	5.47^d	6.40^c	5.72^d	6.20^c	0.13	<.01
Meals
Bouts/d	15	15	16	17	0.95	.33
Length, min/meal	19	20	16	16	1.23	.13
Interval, min	74	79	77	72	5.27	.23
Eating rate, kg of DM/min	0.083	0.074	0.084	0.079	0.003	.46
Meal size, kg of DM	1.53	1.49	1.40	1.29	0.08	.56
Rumination
Bouts/d	17	18	18	17	0.93	.88
Bout length, min/bout	29	27	28	28	1.72	.89
Bout interval, min	56	51	52	57	2.63	.25

LSM: Least Square Means.

^aSBM: soybean meal at 13.9% of dietary DM; RSB: roasted soybean at 15.2% of dietary DM; ESB: extruded soybean at 15.5% of dietary DM; and RSB + ESB: roasted soybean and extruded soybean at equal blend of 7.7% of dietary DM.

^bSorting index was calculated as the percentage of actual intake relative to the predicted intake of each particle fraction. Values equal to 100% indicate no sorting, values <100% indicate selective refusals (sorting against) and values >100% indicate preferential consumption (sorting for) Kargar et al. (2013, 2014).

^c,dMeans within a row with different superscripts are significantly different (p < .05).

Table 4. Chewing activities as influenced by feeding processed soybean to mid-lactation dairy cows.

	Diet LSM^a				SEM	p value
Item	SBM	RSB	ESB	RSB + ESB
Eating time
min/d	281	298	274	279	8.53	.28
min/bout	19	20	17	17	1.18	.12
min/kg of DMI	12.5	14.1	12.8	12.9	0.41	.08
min/kg of NDF intake	37.1	42.3	38.8	38.7	1.49	.13
min/kg of forage NDF intake	57.6	64.7	58.6	59.4	4.79	.73
min/kg of peNDF>8^b	123.2	133.7	128.6	125.7	5.20	.54
min/kg of peNDF>1.18^b	48.9^d	59.4^c	52.0^d	54.0^c,^d	2.09	.02
Ruminating time
min/d	481	478	483	464	13.93	.77
min/bout	29	28	28	28	1.74	.86
min/kg of DMI	21.3	22.5	22.1	21.6	0.82	.72
min/kg of NDF intake	64.6	67.5	67.0	64.4	2.35	.71
min/kg of forage NDF intake	97.8	103.2	101.7	99.0	5.62	.90
min/kg of peNDF>8	223.7	237.5	253.8	227.2	16.96	.62
min/kg of peNDF>1.18	83.2	94.9	90.2	89.5	3.71	.22
Total chewing time
min/d	762	775	758	743	13.52	.44
min/bout	24	24	23	22	0.97	.53
min/kg of DMI	33.8	36.6	34.9	34.5	0.92	.23
min/kg of NDF intake	100.1	109.8	105.8	103.1	3.02	.54
min/kg of forage NDF intake	155.4	168.0	160.3	158.4	9.24	.90
min/kg of peNDF>8	331.7	347.1	353.7	334.4	13.49	.63
min/kg of peNDF>1.18	132.2^d	154.2^c	142.2^c,^d	143.5^c,^d	4.63	.03
Resting, min/d	678	665	683	697	13.52	.44

LSM: Least Square Means.

^a SBM: soybean meal at 13.9% of dietary DM; RSB: roasted soybean at 15.2% of dietary DM; ESB: extruded soybean at 15.5% of dietary DM; and RSB + ESB: roasted soybean and extruded soybean at equal blend of 7.7% of dietary DM.

^b peNDF: physically effective NDF of 2 (peNDF_>8) and 3 sieves (peNDF_>1.18), respectively.

^c,d Means within a row with different superscripts are significantly different (p < .05).

Table 5. Rumen pH and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations as influenced by feeding processed soybean to mid-lactation dairy cows.

	Diet LSM^a				SEM	p value
Item	SBM	RSB	ESB	RSB + ESB
Rumen pH	6.42	6.41	6.38	6.29	0.10	.80
Total VFA, mmol/L	90.07	78.63	83.30	86.12	3.86	.24
Individual VFA, mmol/100 mol
Acetate	65.11	61.81	63.56	62.47	0.95	.12
Propionate	20.22	22.92	21.28	22.53	0.71	.07
Butyrate	11.96	11.45	11.96	11.50	0.46	.80
Valerate	1.30	1.47	1.37	1.43	0.06	.22
Iso-valerate	1.50	1.58	1.49	1.47	0.09	.79
Acetate: propionate	3.24	2.82	3.02	2.83	0.13	.13

LSM: Least Square Means.

^a SBM: soybean meal at 13.9% of dietary DM; RSB: roasted soybean at 15.2% of dietary DM; ESB: extruded soybean at 15.5% of dietary DM; and RSB + ESB: roasted soybean and extruded soybean at equal blend of 7.7% of dietary DM.

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