Digestibility and metabolic utilisation of diets containing chestnut tannins and their effects on growth and slaughter traits of heavy pigs

Figures & data

Table 1. Composition of the experimental diets.

	Exp. 1			Exp. 2
Diets^a	C	T15	T30	C	LP	LPT
Ingredient (g/kg)
Corn meal	550.0	550.0	550.0	496.7	544.2	538.9
Barley meal	230.0	230.0	230.0	123.0	123.0	123.0
Wheat meal	–	–	–	101.0	101.0	101.0
Wheat bran	80.0	78.5	77.0	79.2	79.2	79.2
Soya bean meal extracted	90.0	90.0	90.0	79.2	29.7	29.7
Wheat middlings	–	–	–	59.4	59.4	59.4
Cane molasses	–	–	–	36.1	36.1	36.1
SaviotanFeed	–	1.5	3.0	–	–	5.3
CaCO3	12.0	12.0	12.0	9.9	9.9	9.9
NaHCO3	–	–	–	2.5	2.5	2.5
NaCl	4.0	4.0	4.0	2.0	2.0	2.0
CaHPO4	8.0	8.0	8.0	2.0	2.0	2.0
Supplement^b	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0
Lignosulphate	–	–	–	3.0	3.0	3.0
Emulsifier	–	–	–	0.5	0.5	0.5
L-Lysine HCL	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.5	2.0	2.0
L-Threonine	–	–	–	0.0	0.5	0.5

^a Diets: C: control, T15 = SaviotanFeed 1.5 g/kg, T30 = SaviotanFeed 3.0 g/kg, LP: low protein, LPT: low protein plus tannins (5.3 g/kg SaviotanFeed).

^b Supplied per kilogram DM of complete diet: vitamin A 10,000 U; vitamin D₃ 1000 U; vitamin E 7.5 mg; vitamin K₃ 2.5 mg; vitamin B₁ 1 mg; vitamin B₂ 2 mg; vitamin B₃ 15 mg; vitamin B₆ 1.5 mg; B₁₂ 0.01 mg; pantothenic acid 7.5 mg; folic acid 0.25 mg; biotin 0.1 mg; choline chloride 375 mg; Fe 150 mg from FeCO₃; I 0.5 mg from Ca(IO₃)₂; Mn 50 mg from MnO₂; Cu 10 mg from CuSO₄·5H₂O; Zn 110 mg from ZnSO₄·H₂O; Se 0.1 mg from Na₂SeO₃; Mo 0.5 mg from Na₂MoO₄.

Table 2. Nutrient content (g/kg DM, unless otherwise indicated) of the experimental diets.

		Exp. 2
Diet^a	Exp. 1	C	LP	LPT
Analysed nutrient composition
DM, g/kg as fed	880.00	866.00	865.00	866.00
CP (N × 6.25)	137.00	142.00	122.00	123.00
aNDFom^b	138.00	112.00	112.00	113.00
ADFom^c	–	30.60	30.20	30.70
EE^d	27.00	33.20	38.30	37.30
Ash	50.00	53.40	51.00	50.90
Starch	–	533.00	563.00	559.00
GE, MJ/kg DM	17.89	18.31	18.15	18.10
ME^e, MJ/kg DM	–	15.59	15.49	15.48
NE^f, MJ/kg DM	–	10.83	10.32	10.57
Calculated SID amino acid content^g
Lysine	5.50	5.30	5.30	5.30
Methionine	1.90	2.10	1.80	1.80
Threonine	3.70	3.80	3.60	3.60
Tryptophan	1.10	1.20	0.90	0.90

^a DM: dry matter; CP: crude protein; GE: gross energy; Diets: C: control; LP: low protein; LPT: low protein plus tannins.

^b aNDFom: neutral detergent fibre assayed with amylase and expressed exclusive of residual ash.

^c ADFom: acid detergent fibre expressed exclusive of residual ash.

^d EE: ether extract.

^e ME: Metabolisable energy, determined by respiratory chambers.

^f NE: Net energy, determined by respiratory chambers, assuming a requirement of 261 kJ/kg BW^0.75 for maintenance (Noblet et al. 1993).

^g SID: Standardised ileal digestible according to NRC (2012).

Table 3. Effect of dietary addition of SaviotanFeed on growth performance, slaughter and stomach traits and parotid gland composition of finishing heavy pigs (Exp. 1).

	Diet^a
Item	C	T15	T30	SEM	p
Initial live weight, kg	90.100	89.300	93.000	4.500	.293
Final live weight, kg	175.100	172.800	174.500	7.110	.825
Daily DM intake, g/(kg PV^0.75·d)	70.300	70.900	69.800	2.470	.675
Daily gain, g	765.000	752.000	734.000	39.100	.345
Slaughter traits
carcass weight, kg	140.800	139.900	141.800	5.800	.826
carcass dressing, %	80.400	80.900	81.300	0.780	.123
back fat thickness, mm	29.200	28.500	28.700	2.570	.864
hams weight, kg	35.400	35.000	35.300	1.460	.898
loins weight, kg	14.100	14.000	14.100	0.820	.970
backfat weight, kg	10.800	11.100	10.400	1.340	.692
Stomach dimension
empty weight, g	692.000	659.000	726.000	63.000	.162
internal area, cm^2	1168.000	1077.000	1135.000	106.000	.295
Stomach internal colour^b
red	194.000^d	188.000^e	188.000^e	3.590	.004
green	119.000	111.000	110.000	7.420	.058
blue	79.000	74.000	74.000	6.360	.198
brightness	137.000^d	130.000^e	129.000^e	5.330	.019
Stomach gastritis^c
hyperplastic	2.570	4.140	4.140	1.310	.058
follicular	1.140	0.860	1.210	1.020	.788
atrophic	0.070	0.000	0.000	0.110	.387
simple	0.210	0.000	0.000	0.230	.154
Parotid gland composition
dry matter	36.000	35.800	35.300	2.770	.890
crude protein, % DM	52.500	52.500	53.300	5.990	.960

^a Diets: C: control, T15 = SaviotanFeed 1.5 g/kg and T30 = SaviotanFeed 3.0 g/kg.

^b Intensity value ranging from 0 to a maximum of 255.

^c Score of intensity from 1 (mild lesion) to 5 (severe gastritis).

^d,e Within rows, means without a common superscript differ (p < .05).

Table 4. Live weight, DM intake, excretions and apparent digestibility of experimental diets administered to 18 finishing heavy pigs (6 animals per diet) in Exp. 2.

	Diet^a
Item	C	LP	LPT	SEM	p
Average weight, kg (kg)	152.900	152.600	153.700	1.050	.761
DM intake, g/d	2950.000	2951.000	2966.000	10.300	.477
Faecal DM, g/d	361.000	365.000	361.000	17.400	.983
Urine, g/d	2978.000^e	2561.000^f	2132.000^g	126.000	.004
Digestibility, %
DM	87.700	87.600	87.800	0.630	.970
OM	89.900	89.800	89.900	0.530	.979
CP	86.500	85.100	83.900	0.820	.116
EE^b	72.600	76.300	76.900	1.320	.076
aNDFom^c	56.000	53.900	57.500	2.510	.610
ADFom^d	36.500	33.000	32.500	4.220	.774
Ash	47.600	47.100	48.200	2.650	.964
Gross energy	88.400	88.100	88.300	0.580	.942

^a DM: dry matter; OM: organic matter; CP: crude protein; Diets: C: control; LP: low protein; LPT: low protein plus tannins.

^b EE: ether extract.

^c aNDFom: neutral detergent fibre assayed with amylase and expressed exclusive of residual ash.

^d ADFom: acid detergent fibre expressed exclusive of residual ash.

^e,f,g Within rows, means without a common superscript differ (p < .05).

Table 5. Effects of the experimental diets on N and energy balance of finishing heavy pigs (6 animals per diet) in Exp. 2.

	Diet^a
Item	C	LP	LPT	SEM	p
N Intake (NI), g/d	67.100^b	57.600^c	58.500^c	0.530	<.001
Faecal N
g/d	9.100	8.600	9.400	0.490	.463
% NI	13.500	14.900	16.100	0.820	.116
Urinary N
g/d	34.600^b	26.500^c	26.100^c	1.180	<.001
% NI	51.600^b	46.100^bc	44.700^c	1.840	.042
Excreted N
g/d	43.700^b	35.100^c	35.500^c	1.180	<.001
% NI	65.100	61.000	60.800	1.930	.227
Retained N
g/d	23.400	22.500	23.000	1.270	.899
% NI	34.800	39.000	39.200	1.930	.227
Energy intake (EI), MJ/d	54.000	53.600	53.700	0.463	.777
Energy in faeces
MJ/d	6.490	6.360	6.270	0.292	.966
% EI	11.600	11.900	11.700	0.583	.942
Energy in urine
MJ/d	1.480^b	1.260^c	1.290^c	0.045	.009
% EI	2.730^b	2.360^c	2.400^c	0.079	.008
Energy in CH4
MJ/d	0.270	0.260	0.270	0.038	.988
% EI	0.500	0.490	0.500	0.069	.989
Energy metabolised
MJ/d	46.000	45.700	45.900	0.609	.925
% EI	85.100	85.300	85.400	0.614	.944
Heat production
MJ/d	25.700	26.500	25.800	0.558	.529
% EI	47.500	49.600	48.100	0.975	.341
Energy retained
MJ/d	20.300	19.100	20.000	0.734	.502
% EI	37.600	35.700	37.300	1.251	.518

^a Diets: C: control; LP: low protein; LPT: low protein plus tannins.

^b,c Within rows, means without a common superscript differ (p < .05).

NRC. 2012. Nutrient requirements of swine. 11th rev. ed. Washington, DC, USA: National Academies Press.

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