Single and combined effects of Satureja khuzistanica essential oils and acetic acid on productive performance, certain blood and kidney health-related parameters in broiler chickens

Figures & data

Table 1. Ingredients and nutrient composition of basal diets.

	Pre-Starter	Starter	Grower	Finisher
	(1–10 day)	(11–20 day)	(21–35 day)	(36–42 day)
Ingredients, %
Yellow maize	61.32	63.08	66.32	68.72
Soybean meal	33.94	31.54	28.80	26.50
CaCo3	1.33	1.34	1.20	1.20
Calcium phosphate	1.30	1.40	1.10	1.10
Soybean oil	1.00	1.50	1.50	1.50
DL-Methionine	0.27	0.28	0.20	0.10
Vitamin Premix^a	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
Mineral Premix^b	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
Salt	0.14	0.14	0.14	0.14
Sodium bicarbonate	0.14	0.14	0.14	0.14
L-Threonine	0.04	0.04	0.05	0.05
L-Lysine HCl	0.02	0.04	0.05	0.05
Nutrient composition (calculated)
ME, Kcal/kg	2942.00	3014.00	3055.00	3084.00
Crude protein, %	20.43	19.57	18.62	17.72
Crude fat, %	3.49	4.04	4.15	4.23
Crude fibre, %	2.55	2.52	2.52	2.51
Lysine, %	1.09	1.04	0.97	0.92
Calcium, %	0.85	0.87	0.75	0.72
Threonine, %	0.79	0.76	0.72	0.68
Methionine + Cystine, %	0.59	0.57	0.54	0.52
Available P, %	0.42	0.43	0.37	0.36
Tryptophan, %	0.28	0.27	0.25	0.24
Na, %	0.14	0.14	0.14	0.14

^a Vitamin A: 9000000 international units; vitamin D3: 2000000 international units; vitamin E: 18000 units; vitamin K3: 2000 mg; vitamin B1: 1800 mg; vitamin B2: 6600 mg; vitamin B3: 10000 mg; vitamin B5: 30000 mg; vitamin B6: 3000 mg; vitamin B9: 1000 mg; vitamin B12: 15 mg; vitamin H2: 100 mg; choline chloride: 250000 mg; antioxidant: 1000 mg.

^b Manganese: 100000 mg; Zinc: 85000 mg; copper: 10000 mg; selenium: 200 mg; iodine: 1000 mg; iron: 50000 mg.

Table 2. Means of average daily gain (ADG; g), average daily feed intake (ADFI; g), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and European economic efficiency index (EEEI) in broiler chickens received different levels of Satureja khuzistanica essential oils (SkEO) and Acetic acid in age of 14 to 28 d and 28 to 42 d.

	14 to 28 d				28 to 42 d
	ADG	ADFI	FCR	EEEI	ADG	ADFI	FCR	EEEI
SkEO, mg/bird/day
0	49.730	93.130ab	1.900	269.030	59.090	122.010	2.170	112.280
200	55.910	96.310^a	1.740	326.690	67.360	132.880	1.990	147.170
300	51.150	93.530ab	1.860	283.940	70.310	132.620	1.910	168.540
400	47.620	87.650^b	1.850	260.590	69.940	132.710	1.980	170.380
500	48.530	88.510^b	1.840	268.590	68.360	130.080	1.920	155.900
600	47.970	86.560^b	1.820	267.270	68.650	128.660	1.890	161.890
SEM	2.020	2.450	0.050	16.560	3.920	5.160	0.080	20.630
Acetic acid, g/kg
0	53.110^a	93.270^a	1.770^b	304.560^a	70.610^a	135.320^a	1.940	167.970
20	47.190^b	88.630^b	1.900^a	253.950^b	63.970^b	124.330^b	2.010	137.410
SEM	1.170	1.410	0.030	9.560	2.310	3.130	0.040	12.090
p-value
SkEO	.051	.037	.412	.067	.345	.628	.213	.365
Acetic acid	.0007	.023	.004	.0004	.040	.009	.277	.072
SkEO × Acetic acid	.236	.659	.444	.179	.812	.601	.627	.801
Linear	.046	.003	.766	.138	.125	.555	.034	.112
Quadratic	.556	.622	.754	.549	.110	.129	.268	.130

^a,b Means in the same column without same superscript differ significantly (p < .05). SEM: standard error of mean.

Table 3. Means of total triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) (mg/dl) and none esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations (mmol/ml) in blood broiler chickens received different levels of Satureja khuzistanica essential oils (SkEO) and Acetic acid in age of 34 d.

	TG	TC	LDL	HDL	NEFA
SkEO, mg/bird/day
0	56.970	152.400	66.565	72.071	0.777
200	49.520	147.020	67.325	67.143	0.979
300	58.880	152.000	67.588	72.114	0.948
400	57.200	148.450	83.479	62.214	1.055
500	48.000	152.140	68.786	73.000	0.967
600	41.020	132.260	57.298	71.677	1.005
SEM	5.200	9.681	8.306	4.000	0.098
Acetic acid, g/kg
0	49.150	140.790	62.143	66.571	0.952
20	54.720	153.970	74.871	72.836	0.959
SEM	3.360	5.700	4.935	2.330	0.057
p-value
SkEO	.132	.666	.379	.367	.504
Acetic acid	.208	.099	.062	.063	.927
SkEO × Acetic acid	.634	.257	.105	.836	.538
Linear	.052	.275	.706	.867	.149
Quadratic	.148	.395	.117	.277	.260

^a,b Means in the same column without same superscript differ significantly (p < .05). SEM: standard error of mean.

Table 4. Means of total triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) (mg/dl) and none esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations (mmol/ml) in blood broiler chickens received different levels of Satureja khuzistanica essential oils (SkEO) and Acetic acid in age of 38 d.

	TG	TC	LDL	HDL	NEFA
SkEO, mg/bird/day
0	48.250	140.740	62.010	69.405	1.143
200	49.660	141.170	55.215	76.000	1.078
300	45.850	138.810	66.529	72.333	1.114
400	45.920	141.070	73.871	89.606	1.023
500	44.550	145.400	62.522	73.976	1.078
600	44.830	132.020	55.457	71.571	1.105
SEM	2.580	5.490	7.250	5.238	0.060
Acetic acid, g/kg
0	44.920	136.580	57.178	70.365	1.057
20	48.100	143.160	68.023	253.020	1.123
SEM	1.520	3.230	4.600	137.600	0.041
p-value
SkEO	.723	.679	.377	.493	.844
Acetic acid	.145	.156	.059	.352	.210
SkEO × Acetic acid	.799	.527	.637	.475	.754
Linear	.159	.543	.951	.786	.597
Quadratic	.869	.411	.146	.321	.364

^a,b Means in the same column without same superscript differ significantly (p < .05). SEM: standard error of mean.

Table 5. Means of total triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) (mg/dl) and none esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations (mmol/ml) in blood broiler chickens received different levels of Satureja khuzistanica essential oils (SkEO) and Acetic acid in age of 42 d.

	TG	TC	LDL	HDL	NEFA
SkEO, mg/bird/day
0	41.010	143.460	65.630	69.897	1.085^ab
200	42.070	136.210	58.228	69.571	1.059^ab
300	36.270	133.930	63.044	63.490	1.054^ab
400	42.550	141.830	69.885	68.285	1.184^a
500	39.570	137.830	63.721	65.899	1.038^ab
600	37.790	133.090	60.959	66.294	0.835^b
SEM	2.320	7.560	5.036	2.820	0.066
Acetic acid, g/kg
0	39.470	138.250	64.420	66.449	1.046
20	40.280	137.190	62.720	68.030	1.039
SEM	1.560	4.630	3.490	1.851	0.038
p-value
SkEO	.150	.828	.504	.518	.020
Acetic acid	.608	.837	.642	.463	.905
SkEO × Acetic acid	.055	.828	.207	.108	.278
Linear	.305	.470	.999	.282	.041
Quadratic	.874	.926	.620	.455	.023

^a,b Means in the same column without same superscript differ significantly (p < .05). SEM: standard error of mean.

Figure 1. Interaction effects of Satureja khuzistanica essential oils (SkEO) and Acetic acid on Bilirubin concentrations (mg/dl) of broiler chickens in age of 34 d.

Table 6. Means of Protein (TP) and Albumin (ALB) concentrations (g/dl), Glucose (GLU) and Bilirubin (BIL) concentrations (mg/dl) in serum blood broiler chickens received different levels of Satureja khuzistanica essential oils (SkEO) and Acetic acid in age of 34, 38 and 42 d.

	34 d				38 d				42 d
	TP	ALB	GLU	BIL	TP	ALB	GLU	BIL	TP	ALB	GLU	BIL
SkEO, mg/bird/day
0	4.260	1.643	243.900	1.136	3.625	1.556	227.440	1.133	3.506	1.430	227.730	1.121
200	4.042	1.585	227.040	1.118	4.098	1.733	245.740	1.173	3.557	1.592	231.640	1.165
300	3.996	1.594	230.060	1.123	3.905	1.658	235.120	1.170	3.394	1.400	227.330	1.164
400	6.643	1.693	237.650	1.134	3.986	1.571	226.210	1.157	3.828	1.614	228.570	1.169
500	4.093	1.543	213.570	1.144	3.910	1.608	245.010	1.137	3.584	1.518	235.930	1.144
600	4.052	1.650	201.380	1.167	3.936	1.542	236.140	1.152	3.546	1.496	217.620	1.140
SEM	1.000	0.079	12.167	0.017	0.126	0.067	8.500	0.015	0.116	0.073	11.170	0.014
Acetic acid, g/kg
0	4.783	1.531^b	219.830	1.131	3.830	1.585	232.690	1.165	3.613	1.533	225.160	1.154
20	4.245	1.675^a	231.370	1.144	3.990	1.637	239.200	1.142	3.525	1.484	231.120	1.147
SEM	0.582	0.052	7.544	0.014	0.075	0.038	5.220	0.008	0.075	0.049	7.720	0.008
p-value
SkEO	.369	.719	.165	.279	.170	.350	.411	.358	.126	.182	.862	.198
Acetic acid	.515	.022	.256	.305	.114	.347	.335	.075	.329	.381	.461	.616
SkEO × Acetic acid	.628	.482	.556	.011	.973	.940	.920	.538	.782	.814	.069	.454
Linear	.835	.489	.021	.066	.297	.348	.636	.876	.442	.5780	.665	.759
Quadratic	.333	.706	.460	.121	.116	.213	.808	.168	.453	.405	.485	.020

^a,b Means in the same column without same superscript differ significantly (p < .05). SEM: standard error of mean.

Figure 2. Interaction effects of Satureja khuzistanica essential oils (SkEO) and acetic acid on total anti-oxidant concentrations (mmol/ml) in blood broiler chickens in age of 42 d.

Table 7. Means of Malondialdehyde (MDA; nmol/ml) and Total anti-oxidant (mmol/ml) concentrations in blood broiler chickens received different levels of Satureja khuzistanica essential oils (SkEO) and Acetic acid in age of 34, 38 and 42 d.

	34 d		38 d		42 d
	MDA	Total anti-oxidant	MDA	Total anti-oxidant	MDA	Total anti-oxidant
SkEO, mg/bird/day
0	53.570	1.750	53.490	1.930	37.990	1.570
200	52.300	1.780	39.860	2.010	35.410	1.690
300	91.670	1.870	36.520	1.840	24.810	1.590
400	71.160	1.970	45.020	1.940	27.070	1.740
500	52.130	2.230	42.910	2.010	35.240	1.690
600	61.450	2.190	45.830	1.940	33.410	1.600
SEM	10.360	0.180	9.460	0.150	6.480	0.100
Acetic acid, g/kg
0	58.820	1.870	42.960	2.060	30.890	1.670
20	68.610	2.060	44.910	1.830	33.750	1.620
SEM	7.400	0.100	6.140	0.090	4.020	0.060
p-value
SkEO	.323	.297	.872	.975	.683	.719
Acetic acid	.355	.212	.792	.089	.581	.536
SkEO × Acetic acid	.053	.304	.529	.149	.746	.049
Linear	.857	.022	.785	.936	.683	.717
Quadratic	.154	.856	.310	.877	.188	.310

^a,b Means in the same column without same superscript differ significantly (p < .05). SEM: standard error of mean.

Table 8. Per cent of Kidney colour in broiler chickens received different levels of Satureja khuzistanica essential oils (SkEO) and Acetic acid in age of 34, 38 and 42 d.

	Kidney score, 34 d			Kidney score, 38 d			Kidney score, 42 d
	score 0	score 1	score 2	score 0	score 1	score 2	score 0	score 1	score 2
SkEO, mg/bird/day
0	16.220	13.330	30.770	17.780	13.790	0.000	16.390	20.000	0.000
200	10.810	26.670	7.690	13.330	20.690	14.290	16.390	20.000	0.000
300	18.920	13.330	15.380	15.560	20.690	14.290	18.030	15.000	0.000
400	13.510	16.670	23.080	15.560	13.790	42.860	18.030	10.000	50.000
500	18.920	16.670	15.380	22.220	13.790	0.000	16.390	15.000	0.000
600	21.620	13.330	7.690	15.560	17.240	28.570	14.750	20.000	50.000
Acetic acid, g/kg
0	45.950	46.670	69.230	57.780	44.830	14.290	45.900	55.000	100.000
20	54.050	53.330	30.770	42.220	55.170	85.710	54.100	45.000	0.000
p-value/Chi-Square-value
SkEO	<.0001	<.0001	<.0001	<.0001	<.0001	.013	<.0001	<.0001	.157
χ^2	185.000	150.000	65.000	225.000	145.000	21.000	305.000	100.000	2.000
Acetic acid	<.0001	<.0001	0.0003	<.0001	<.0001	.008	<.0001	<.0001	–
χ^2	37.000	30.000	13.000	45.000	29.000	7.000	61.000	20.000	–
SkEO × Acetic acid	.791	.734	.549	.947	.941	.072	.998	.915	–
χ^2	2.400	2.770	4.000	1.170	1.230	7.000	0.280	1.480	–

Table 9. Means of Kidney fat per cent in broiler chickens received different levels of Satureja khuzistanica essential oils (SkEO) and Acetic acid in age of 34, 38 and 42 d.

	34 d	38 d	42 d
SkEO, mg/bird/day
0	4.590	5.430^a	5.230
200	4.680	5.400^a	5.000
300	4.670	4.850^b	5.160
400	4.740	4.770^b	4.940
500	4.630	4.800^b	4.890
600	4.850	5.120^ab	5.020
SEM	0.160	0.170	0.120
Acetic acid, g/kg
0	4.550	5.040	5.020
20	4.800	5.080	5.060
SEM	0.090	0.100	0.070
p-value
SkEO	.891	.048	.383
Acetic acid	.073	.775	.712
SkEO × Acetic acid	.616	.396	.400
Linear	.299	.034	.136
Quadratic	.853	.019	.425

^a,b Means in the same column without same superscript differ significantly (p < .05). SEM: standard error of mean.