Antioxidant capacity of banana peel and its modulation of Nrf2-ARE associated gene expression in broiler chickens

Figures & data

Table 1. Ingredients and chemical composition of the experimental diets for broiler chickens.

	g/kg
Ingredients	Starter diet (1–21 days)	Finisher diet (22–35 days)
Corn, yellow	513	575
Soybean meal (CP-44%)	351.20	300
Full fat soybean meal	50	50
Soybean oil	30	32
Monocalcium phosphate	22.50	20
Calcium carbonate	26	15.70
DL-Methionine	2	2
NaCl	2.50	2.50
Choline-Cl	0.80	0.80
Vitamin premix^a	1	1
Mineral premix^b	1	1
Total	1000	1000
Calculated nutrient value
ME, kcal/ kg	3050	3150
Crude protein, %	23	21
Calcium, %	1.50	1.04
Total Phosphorus, %	0.85	0.78
Available Phosphorus, %	0.60	0.55
Lysine, %	1.23	1.11
Methionine, %	0.56	0.54
Methionine + Cystein, %	0.92	0.87
Threonine, %	0.88	0.80
Cl, %	0.19	0.19
Na, %	0.13	0.13
K, %	0.95	0.87
	Analysis value
Dry matter^c, %	88.00	87.30
Crude protein, %DM	22.80	20.50
Crude fat,%DM	6.35	6.74
NDF, %DM	23.80	17.80
Ash, %DM	6.61	5.97

^aSupplied per kg of diet: Vit A 15000 IU; Vit. D3 3000 IU; Vit. E 30 mg; Vit. K3 4 mg; Riboflavin 8 mg; Pyridoxine 5 mg; Vit. B12 25 μg; Ca-pantothenate 19 mg; Niacin 50 mg; Folic acid 1.5 mg; Biotin 60 μg.

^bSupplied per kg of diet: Co (CoCO₃) 0.255 mg; Cu (CuSO₄·5H₂O) 10.8 mg; Fe(FeSO₄·H₂O) 90 mg; Zn (ZnO) 68.4 mg; Mn (MnSO₄·H₂O) 90 mg; Se (Na₂SeO₃) 0.18 mg.

^cDM: dry matter; NDF: Neutral detergent fiber.

Table 2. Characteristics and performance data of the primers used for broiler chickens liver q-PCR analysis.

Gene	Primer sequence (from 5’ to 3’)	bp	NCBI Genebank
β-actin	F: CTG GCA CCT AGC ACA ATG AA R: ACA TCT GCT GGA AGG TGG AC	109	X00182.1
^aKeap1	F: ATG GCC ACA CTT TTC TGG R: ATC AAT TTG CTT CCG ACA GG	137	NC_028739.2
^bNrf2	F: CCT CGC TGG AAA AAG AAG TG R: GGA GAG GAT GCT GCT GAA AG	171	NM_205117.1
^cSOD	F: TGA ACC AGT TGT GTT GTC AGG R: TCC ATC ACT GGT CAC TAG CC	173	NC_006088.5
^dCAT	F: CCG ACC AGG GCA TCA AAA R: GAG GCC ATA ATC CGG ATC TTC	164	NM_001031215.1
^eGr	F: CAC GGC TAT GCA ACA TTC GC R: GTG TGG AGC GGT AAA CTT TTT C	829	GQ853055.1
^fGPx	F: GAC TGG TGG TGC TCG GTT TC R: GGA CGT ACT TGA GGG AAT TCA GAA	199	NC006099.5
^gHO-1	F: AGC TTC GCA CAA GGA GTG TT R: GGA GAG GTG GTC AGC ATG TC	106	X56201.1

^aKelch-like ECH-associated protein-1.

^bNuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor.

^cSuperoxidase dismutase.

^dCatalase.

^eGlutathione reductase.

^fGlutathione peroxidase-1.

^gHeme oxygenase-1.

Table 3. The chemical composition and bioactive compounds of banana peel powder^a.

Items
Chemical composition	g/100g DM^b
Dry matter	9.80 ± 0.07
Crude protein	11.20 ± 0.13
Neutral detergent fibre	36.40 ± 1.60
Acid detergent fibre	40.80 ± 2.50
Ash	0.73 ± 0.80
Bioactive compounds	mg/100g DM
Total phenolic contents (GAE^c)	872.70 ± 22.30
Gallocatechin	91.90 ± 0.10
Epigallocatechin	65.90 ± 0.10
Epigallocatechin gallate	10.30 ± 0.00

^aResults are the means of 3 replicates and expressed as mean ± SD.

^bDM: dry matter.

^cGallic acid equivalent.

Figure 1. The results of (A) ferrous chelating capacity, (B) ferric ion reducing ability power, (C) DPPH free radical scavenge capacity, and (D) TEAC of banana peel (BPP). Results are 3 replicates and expressed as mean ± SD. DPPH: 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; TEAC: Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity.

Table 4. The effect of banana peel powder supplemented in diets on growth performance of 1–35 d broiler chickens.

Items	Experimental diets^a				SEM^e	p value
	Control	BPP 0.5%	BPP 1%	BPP 2%
1–21 d
Body weight (g)^b	706	723	746	760	28.500	0.152
Feed consumption (g)^c	1002	1060	1047	1084	35.600	0.18
Weight gain (g)	642	644	689	699	114	0.842
FCR^d	1.420	1.470	1.400	1.430	0.180	0.963
22–35 d
Body weight (g)	1889	1905	1882	1943	70.200	0.716
Feed consumption (g)	2017	2074	2017	2040	69.600	0.921
Weight gain (g)	1148	1151	1101	1139	73.600	0.982
FCR	1.760	1.790	1.790	1.740	0.086	0.821
1–35 d
Feed consumption (g)	3095	3201	3091	3216	70.0	0.719
Weight gain (g)	1839	1887	1830	1856	150	0.635
FCR	1.640	1.680	1.640	1.660	0.053	0.766

^aControl: Basal diet, BPP 0.5%: Basal diet + 0.5% banana peel powder, BPP 1%: Basal diet + 1% banana peel powder, BPP 2%: Basal diet + 2% banana peel powder.

^bResults are the means of 54 birds in control and treatment groups.

^cResults are the means of 3 replicates (18 birds per replicate).

^dFCR: feed conversion ratio.

^eSEM: standard error of the mean.

Table 5. The effect of banana peel powder supplemented in diets on biological parameters of 35d broiler chickens^a.

Items	Experimental diets^b				SEM^c	p value
	Control	BPP 0.5%	BPP 1%	BPP 2%
Uric acid	2.48^g	3.52^f	3.12^f	2.75^fg	0.59	0.037
Creatinine	0.08	0.10	0.08	0.08	0.04	0.094
SGOT^d	209.00	214.00	203.00	216.00	54.70	0.979
SGPT^e	1.33	1.67	2.33	2.00	0.95	0.323
Total-protein	3.20	3.12	3.12	3.27	0.44	0.921
Albumin protein	1.43	1.45	1.43	1.53	0.17	0.689
Globlar protein	1.77	1.67	1.68	1.73	0.30	0.931
Total cholesterol	120	108	116	116	18.20	0.728
Total triglyceride	106	106	113	93	23.20	0.54

^aResults are the means of 3 replicates, and 6 birds per group.

^bControl: Basal diet, BPP 0.5%: Basal diet + 0.5% banana peel powder, BPP 1%: Basal diet + 1% banana peel powder, BPP 2%: Basal diet + 2% banana peel powder.

^cSEM: standard error of the mean.

^dSGOT: serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase.

^eSGPT: serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase.

^f,gMeans within the same rows without the same superscript letter are significantly different (p < .05).

Table 6. The effect of banana peel powder supplemented in diets on intestinal microbiota concentration of 35 d broiler chickens^a.

Items	Experimental diets^b				SEM^c	p value
	Control	BPP 0.5%	BPP 1%	BPP 2%
Coliform	Log CFU/g
Ileum	7.220	7.140	7.680	8.000	0.797	.568
Ceca	9.330	9.770	9.600	8.670	0.836	.218
Lactic acid bacteria	Log CFU/g
Ileum	7.680	7.930	8.200	8.190	0.827	.849
Ceca	8.600	9.820	9.100	9.450	1.03	.546

^aResults are the means of 3 replicates, and 6 birds per group.

^bControl: Basal diet, BPP 0.5%: Basal diet + 0.5% banana peel powder, BPP 1%: Basal diet + 1% banana peel powder, BPP 2%: Basal diet + 2% banana peel powder.

^cSEM: standard error of the mean.

Table 7. The effect of banana peel powder supplemented in diets on serum MDA concentration, SOD activity and GPx activity of 35d broiler chickens^a.

Items	Experimental diets^b				SEM^c	p value
	Control	BPP 0.5%	BPP 1%	BPP 2%
MDA^d (μM/mL)	0.105^hi	0.054^i	0.158^gh	0.186^g	0.300	.003
SOD^e (U/mL)	5.460^h	7.820^g	5.230^h	5.160^h	0.550	.001
GPx^f (nmol/min/ml)	135.500	151.400	156.700	155	23.700	.288

^aResults are the means of 3 replicates, and 6 birds per group.

^bControl: Basal diet, BPP 0.5%: Basal diet + 0.5% banana peel powder, BPP 1%: Basal diet + 1% banana peel powder, BPP 2%: Basal diet + 2% banana peel powder.

^cSEM: standard error of the mean.

^dMDA: malondialdehyde.

^eSOD: superoxidase dismutase.

^fGPx: glutathione peroxidase-1.

^g,h,iMeans within the same rows without the same superscript letter are significantly different (p < .05).

Figure 2. The effect of banana peel powder (BPP) on liver (A) Nrf2, (B) Keap1, (C) SOD, (D) GPx, (E) CAT, and (F) HO-1 mRNA expression in 35d broiler chickens. Results are mean ± SD, and 6 birds per group. ^a,b,cMeans within the same rows without the same superscript letter are significantly different (p < .05).

Aboul-Enein AM, Salama ZA, Gaafar AA, Aly HF, Faten A, Ahmed H. 2016. Identification of phenolic compounds from banana peel (Musa paradaisica L.) as antioxidant and antimicrobial agents. J Chem Pharm Res. 8:46–55.

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