Effects of colour and intensity of artificial light produced by incandescent bulbs on the performance traits, thyroid hormones, and blood metabolites of broiler chickens

Figures & data

Table 1. Characteristics of incandescent bulbs of the present research.

Power (w)	Voltage (v)	Luminous flux (lm)	Energy consumption (kWh)	Energy label	Bulb length (mm)	Bulb diameter (mm)	Bulb type
40	230	400	40	E	103.5	60	Simple

w: Watt; v: Volt; lm: Lumen; kWh: Kilowatt-hour; mm: Millimetre.

Table 2. Ration compositions in different phases of the research.

Ingredients (%)	Starter phase (1–14 day)	Grower phase (15–28 day)	Finisher phase (29–42 day)
Corn (8% CP^a)	47.79	50.11	52.52
Wheat (12% CP)	8.00	10.00	12.00
Soybean meal (43% CP)	37.10	32.97	28.36
Soybean oil	1.00	2.25	3.41
L-lysine	1.30	0.50	0.50
DL-Methionine	0.36	0.27	0.21
Vitamin premix^b	0.50	0.50	0.50
Mineral premix^c	0.50	0.50	0.50
Di-calcium phosphate^d	2.25	1.95	1.25
Salt	0.30	0.30	0.25
Sodium carbonate	0.90	0.65	0.50
Calculated composition
Metabolizable energy (kcal/kg^e)	2980.12	3100.52	3250.85
Crude protein (g/kg)	220.00	214.00	205.00
Available phosphorous (g/kg)	4.80	4.65	4.15
Methionine (g/kg)	10.20	9.80	8.75
Lysine (g/kg)	13.40	11.95	11.40
Ca (g/kg)	9.80	8.75	8.20

^a Crude protein.

^b Vitamin premix (per kg of ration); Vitamin A (retinol) = 2.7 mg, Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) = 0.05 mg, Vitamin E (tocopheryl acetate) = 18 mg, Vitamin k3 = 2.00 mg, thiamine = 1.80 mg, Riboflavin = 6.60 mg, Pantothenic acid = 10 mg, Pyridoxine = 3 mg, Cyanocobalamin = 0.02 mg, Niacin = 30 mg, Biotin = 0.10 mg, Folic acid = 1.00 mg, Choline chloride = 250 mg and Antioxidant = 100 mg.

^c Mineral premix (per kg of ration): Fe (FeSO4.7H2O, 20.09% Fe) = 50.00 mg, Mn (MnSO₄.H₂O, 32.49% Mn) = 100.00 mg, Zn (ZnO, 80.35% Zn) = 100.00 mg, Cu (CuSO₄.5H₂O) = 10.00 mg, I (KI, 58%I) =  1.00 mg and Se (NaSeO₃, 45.56% Se) = 0.20 mg.

^d Di-calcium phosphate contained: 16% phosphorous and 23% calcium.

^e Kilocalorie per kilogram.

Table 3. Effect of the colour and light intensity on the feed intake in different phases (gr).

Factors	Starter phase (1–14 day)	Grower phase (15–28 day)	Finisher phase (29–42 day)	Whole (1–42 day)
Light colour
Green	359.67	1801.67	4072.83	4676.00
Yellow	371.50	1865.92	4167.67	4774.30
Red	365.75	1825.17	4138.83	4768.5
SEM	6.89	27.86	47.35	84.21
p Value	.09	.14	.10	.12
Light intensity
5 lux	366.44	1846.39	4165.94	4780.00
50 lux	364.83	1815.44	4086.94	4699.22
SEM	5.63	22.74	38.66	68.76
p Value	.11	.13	.10	.13
Colour × intensity
Green × 5 lux	359.50	1813.67	4097.67	4700.30
Green × 50 lux	359.83	1789.67	4048.00	4651.70
Yellow × 5 lux	370.17	1865.33	4203.50	4786.70
Yellow × 50 lux	372.83	1866.50	4131.83	4762.00
Red × 5 lux	369.67	1860.17	4196.67	4853.00
Red × 50 lux	361.83	1790.17	4081.00	4684.00
SEM	9.75	39.40	66.96	119.10
p Value	.12	.14	.09	.12

SEM: Standard error of the mean.

Non common superscripts in each column indicate the significant statistical difference (p < .05).

Table 4. Effect of the colour and light intensity on the body weight in different phases (gr).

Factors	Starter phase (1–14 day)	Grower phase (15–28 day)	Finisher phase (29–42 day)	Whole (1–42 day)
Light colour
Green	378.33^a	1420.25^a	2737.08^a	3077.00^a
Yellow	355.58^b	1367.34^b	2601.42^b	2858.00^b
Red	358.00^b	1333.96^b	2555.25^b	2861.67^b
SEM	5.26	13.88	34.59	31.86
p Value	.00	.00	.00	.00
Light intensity
5 lux	355.89^b	1349.91^b	2616.94	2923.22
50 lux	372.06^a	1397.79^a	2645.56	2941.22
SEM	4.29	11.33	28.24	26.02
p Value	.00	.00	.08	.09
Colour × intensity
Green × 5 lux	370.50^ab	1368.00^b	2650.50^b	3010.67^ab
Green × 50 lux	386.17^a	1472.50^a	2823.67^a	3143.33^a
Yellow × 5 lux	354.17^bc	1368.52^b	2611.67^b	2875.67^bc
Yellow × 50 lux	357.00^bc	1366.17^b	2591.17^b	2840.33^c
Red × 5 lux	343.00^c	1313.22^b	2588.67^b	2883.33^bc
Red × 50 lux	373.00^ab	1354.70^b	2521.88^b	2840.00^c
SEM	7.44	19.64	48.91	45.06
p Value	.04	.03	.03	.03

SEM: Standard error of the mean

Non common superscripts in each column indicate the significant statistical difference (p < .05).

Table 5. Effect of the colour and light intensity on the FCR in different phases.

Factors	Starter phase (1–14 day)	Grower phase (15–28 day)	Finisher phase (29–42 day)	Whole (1–42 day)
Light colour
Green	0.91^b	1.26^b	1.48^b	1.52^b
Yellow	0.99^a	1.35^a	1.59^a	1.67^a
Red	0.98^a	1.35^a	1.61^a	1.66^a
SEM	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.03
p Value	.04	.03	.03	.03
Light intensity
5 lux	0.98^b	1.35^a	1.58^a	1.63
50 lux	0.94^a	1.29^b	1.54^b	1.61
SEM	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.02
p Value	.04	.03	.04	.06
Colour × intensity
Green × 5 lux	0.93^ab	1.31^b	1.54^a	1.56^bc
Green × 50 lux	0.89^b	1.20^c	1.42^b	1.48^c
Yellow × 5 lux	0.99^a	1.35^ab	1.60^a	1.66^a
Yellow × 50 lux	0.99^a	1.36^ab	1.57^a	1.67^a
Red × 5 lux	1.02^a	1.40^a	1.61^a	1.67^a
Red × 50 lux	0.93^ab	1.31^b	1.61^a	1.65^ab
SEM	0.03	0.02	0.02	0.03
p Value	.03	.03	.02	.02

FCR: feed conversion ratio; SEM: Standard error of the mean.

Non common superscripts in each column indicate the significant statistical difference (p < .05).

Table 6. Effect of the colour and light intensity on the blood metabolites – part 1.

Factors	WBC^A (×10^6/μl)^B	RBC^C (×10^6/μl)	Haemoglobin (mg/100ml)^D	Haematocrit (%)	Platelet (mg/100ml)	Glucose (mg/100ml)	Cholesterol (mg/100ml)	Triglyceride (mg/100ml)
Light colour
Green	18.28	2.60	9.98^a	35.02^a	13.56	189.19	149.25	99.34
Yellow	18.38	2.56	10.04^a	35.73^a	13.70	191.23	148.33	97.56
Red	18.40	2.62	8.80^b	31.70^b	13.65	189.79	150.58	98.49
SEM	0.89	0.12	0.42	1.09	0.23	9.78	10.26	6.71
p Value	.10	.09	.02	.02	.09	.08	.07	.07
Light intensity
5 lux	18.41	2.58	9.43	34.61	13.57	190.46	148.13	98.13
50 lux	18.45	2.61	9.69	35.06	13.68	193.10	150.73	97.85
SEM	0.58	0.09	0.29	0.95	0.18	7.47	8.75	4.85
p Value	.07	.08	.07	.06	.09	.07	.07	.08
Colour × intensity
Green × 5 lux	18.39	2.62	9.73	34.85	13.60	191.75	151.00	98.00
Green × 5o lux	18.41	2.61	10.16	35.20	13.62	192.00	149.55	96.50
Yellow × 5 lux	18.43	2.59	9.94	34.95	13.65	190.50	148.17	95.17
Yellow × 50 lux	18.38	2.61	10.16	35.01	13.67	190.08	148.50	97.00
Red × 5 lux	18.40	2.60	9.86	34.98	13.63	189.17	147.50	95.33
Red × 50 lux	18.41	2.61	9.74	34.40	13.64	190.00	149.67	97.33
SEM	1.02	0.14	0.59	1.90	0.42	18.60	23.80	20.60
p Value	.09	.09	.07	.08	.09	.08	.07	.06

SEM: Standard error of the mean

^A White blood cell.

^B Microliter.

^C Red blood cell.

^D Milligram per 100 millilitres.

Non common superscripts in each column indicate the significant statistical difference (p < .05).

Table 7. Effect of the colour and light intensity on the blood metabolites, and thyroid hormones – part 2.

Factors	HDL^A (mg/100ml)^B	LDL^C (mg/100ml)	VLDL^D (mg/100ml)	Calcium (mg/100ml)	Phosphorus (mg/100ml)	T3^E (ng/ml)^F	T4^G (ng/ml)	TSH^H (ng/ml)
Light colour
Green	101.38	28.89	18.98	10.03	7.18	1.51	2.03	0.93
Yellow	104.00	27.00	17.50	9.91	7.08	1.42	2.68	0.92
Red	103.67	29.67	19.02	9.47	7.15	1.24	2.29	0.95
SEM	7.48	6.76	3.18	0.69	0.77	0.13	0.42	0.38
p Value	.09	.06	.06	.08	.10	.08	.07	.08
Light intensity
5 lux	101.95	28.53	18.46	9.26	6.99	1.43	2.54	0.89
50 lux	103.18	28.40	19.09	9.54	7.53	1.33	2.20	0.90
SEM	6.47	5.85	2.24	0.46	0.67	0.07	0.29	0.27
p Value	.06	.10	.10	.11	.08	.09	.08	.07
Colour × intensity
Green × 5 lux	102.25	28.15	18.60	9.97	7.17	1.32	2.66	0.89
Green × 50 lux	101.55	27.63	17.37	10.10	7.19	1.41	2.40	0.91
Yellow × 5 lux	100.17	28.83	17.50	9.86	6.94	1.39	2.92	0.89
Yellow × 50 lux	103.83	29.17	17.37	9.76	7.01	1.38	2.45	0.90
Red × 5 lux	101.67	28.17	17.66	9.10	7.22	1.39	2.76	0.89
Red × 50 lux	102.13	28.57	17.83	10.05	7.88	1.40	2.83	0.90
SEM	12.95	11.70	4.49	1.20	1.34	0.18	0.59	0.09
p Value	.07	.07	.08	.07	.06	.07	.07	.08

SEM: Standard error of the mean

^A High-density lipoprotein.

^B Milligram per 100 millilitres.

^C Low-density lipoprotein.

^D Very low-density lipoprotein.

^E Triiodothyronine.

^F Nano gram per millilitre.

^G Tetraiodothyronine.

^H Thyroid stimulating hormone.

Non common superscripts in each column indicate the significant statistical difference (p < .05).