Passage time, apparent metabolisable energy and ileal amino acids digestibility of treated palm kernel cake in broilers under the hot and humid tropical climate

Figures & data

Table 1. Ingredient and nutrient compositions of starter (day 1–14).

Item	Starter
Ingredient, % (fed basis)
Corn	56.74
Soybean	35.70
Palm oil	3.81
MCP	1.54
Limestone	1.32
NaCl	0.34
dl-Methionine	0.19
l-Lysine.HCL	0.15
Mineral premix^a	0.10
l-Threonine	0.06
Vitamin premix^b	0.05
Nutrient composition, % (unless stated otherwise)
ME (kcal/kg)	3035
CP	21.50
CF	3.75
EE	2.44
Lysine	1.20
Calcium	0.95
Methionine + Cysteine	0.90
Threonine	0.84
Methionine	0.51
Available phosphorus	0.43

MCP: monocalcium phosphate; ME: metabolisable energy; CP: crude protein; EE: ether extract; CF: crude fibre.

^a Supplied per kilogram of the diet: Mn, 70.0 mg; Fe, 35.0 mg; Zn, 70.0 mg; Cu, 8.00 mg; I, 1.00 mg, Se, 0.250 mg; Co, 0.200 mg.

^b Supplied per kilogram of the diet: vitamin A (retinyl acetate), 8000 U; vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), 1000 U; vitamin E (dl-α-tocopherol), 30.0 U; vitamin K3 (menadione dimethylpyrimidinol, 2.50 mg; vitamin B1, 2.00 mg; vitamin B2, 5.00 mg; vitamin B6, 2.00 mg; vitamin B12, 0.01 mg; niacin, 30.0 mg; d-biotin, 0.045 mg; vitamin C, 50.0 mg; d-pantothenate, 8.00 mg, folic acid, 0.500 mg.

Table 2. Ingredient and nutrient compositions of experimental diets used in the rate of passage (ROP) and apparent metabolisable energy (AME) assays.

Item	ROP and AME assay
	Basal diet	PKC diet^a	EPKC diet^a	XPKC diet^a	LPKC diet^a
Ingredient, % (fed basis)
Corn	61.50	46.14	46.14	46.14	46.14
PKC	–	25.00	25.00	25.00	25.00
Soybean	29.90	22.40	22.40	22.40	22.40
Palm oil	5.30	3.98	3.98	3.98	3.98
MCP	1.35	1.01	1.01	1.01	1.01
Limestone	1.00	0.75	0.75	0.75	0.75
NaCl	0.35	0.26	0.26	0.26	0.26
l-Lysine.HCL	0.21	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15
dl-Methionine	0.19	0.14	0.14	0.14	0.14
Mineral premix^b	0.10	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.07
Vitamin premix^c	0.05	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.03
Choline	0.05	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.03
Nutrient composition, % (unless stated otherwise)
ME, kcal/kg	3131	2749	2861	2874	2874
CP	19.40	18.25	18.50	18.25	18.52
CF	3.45	6.23	5.68	5.63	4.98
EE	2.58	7.14	7.31	7.26	7.26
Lysine	1.10	0.82	0.83	0.81	0.86
Methionine + Cysteine	0.79	0.63	0.64	0.62	0.65
Calcium	0.77	0.69	0.69	0.69	0.69
Threonine	0.69	0.51	0.54	0.50	0.54
Methionine	0.48	0.42	0.42	0.42	0.44
Available phosphorus	0.38	0.29	0.29	0.29	0.29

Titanium oxide was added (0.50%) to all experimental diets as an indigestible index.

PKC: palm kernel cake; LPKC: lactic acid bacteria-fermented PKC; EPKC: enzyme-fermented PKC; XPKC: extruded PKC; MCP: monocalcium phosphate; ME: metabolisable energy; CP: crude protein; EE: ether extract; CF: crude fibre.

^a PKC, EPKC, XPKC and LPKC diets were developed by replacing 25% of the basal diet of the particular PKC.

^b Supplied per kilogram of the diet: Mn, 70.0 mg; Fe, 35.0 mg; Zn, 70.0 mg; Cu, 8.00 mg; I, 1.00 mg, Se, 0.250 mg; Co, 0.200 mg.

^c Supplied per kilogram of the diet: vitamin A (retinyl acetate), 8000 U; vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), 1000 U; vitamin E (dl-α-tocopherol), 30.0 U; vitamin K3 (menadione dimethylpyrimidinol, 2.50 mg; vitamin B1, 2.00 mg; vitamin B2, 5.00 mg; vitamin B6, 2.00 mg; vitamin B12, 0.010 mg; niacin, 30.0 mg; d-biotin, 0.045 mg; vitamin C, 50.0 mg; d-pantothenate, 8.00 mg, folic acid, 0.500 mg.

Table 3. Ingredient and nutrient compositions of experimental diets used in ileal crude protein and amino acids digestibility assays.

Item	Ileal digestibility assay
	PKC	EPKC	XPKC	LPKC
Ingredient, % (fed basis)
PKC	95.15	95.15	95.15	95.15
Palm oil	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00
MCP	1.35	1.35	1.35	1.35
Limestone	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
NaCl	0.35	0.35	0.35	0.35
Mineral premix^a	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10
Vitamin premix^b	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05
Nutrient composition, % (unless stated otherwise)
CP	16.09	17.04	16.09	17.33
CF	16.18	14.09	13.9	11.42
EE	6.27	6.94	6.75	6.75
Calcium	1.08	1.03	1.03	1.08
Available phosphorus	0.35	0.34	0.34	0.35
Methionine + Cysteine	0.20	0.27	0.15	0.39
Methionine	0.19	0.16	0.16	0.25
Threonine	0.17	0.28	0.13	0.22
Lysine	0.15	0.12	0.05	0.29

Titanium oxide was added (0.50%) to all experimental diets as an indigestible index.

PKC: palm kernel cake; LPKC: lactic acid bacteria-fermented PKC; EPKC: enzyme-fermented PKC; XPKC: extruded PKC; MCP: monocalcium phosphate; ME: metabolisable energy; CP: crude protein; EE: ether extract; CF: crude fibre.

^a Supplied per kilogram of the diet: Mn, 70.0 mg; Fe, 35.0 mg; Zn, 70.0 mg; Cu, 8.00 mg; I, 1.00 mg, Se, 0.250 mg; Co, 0.200 mg.

^b Supplied per kilogram of the diet: vitamin A (retinyl acetate), 8000 U; vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), 1000 U; vitamin E (dl-α-tocopherol), 30.0 U; vitamin K3 (menadione dimethylpyrimidinol, 2.50 mg; vitamin B1, 2.00 mg; vitamin B2, 5.00 mg; vitamin B6, 2.00 mg; vitamin B12, 0.010 mg; niacin, 30.0 mg; d-biotin, 0.045 mg; vitamin C, 50.0 mg; d-pantothenate, 8.00 mg, folic acid, 0.500 mg.

Table 4. Chemical compositions of untreated and treated PKC.

Item	Item
	PKC	EPKC	XPKC	LPKC	SEM	p Value
(Values in % unless stated otherwise, DM basis)
GE, kcal/kg	4086^c	4294^a	4201^b	4201^b	15.39	<.001
DM	89.81^b	91.30^a	91.79^a	91.90^a	0.21	<.001
CP	16.90^b	17.90^a	16.90^b	18.20^a	0.21	<.001
EE	4.50^b	5.20^a	5.00^ab	5.00^ab	0.10	.074
Ash	4.50^b	5.49^a	5.70^a	5.72^a	0.10	<.001
CF	17.30^a	14.80^b	14.60^b	12.60^c	0.36	<.001
NDF	75.00^a	72.60^b	75.40^a	70.30^c	0.42	<.001
ADF	37.30^a	38.70^a	39.30^a	33.80^b	0.45	<.001
Lignin	17.10^a	13.00^b	11.20^b	8.80^c	0.65	<.001
Hemicellulose	37.30^a	33.90^b	33.30^b	32.70^c	0.43	<.001
Cellulose	26.60^a	25.20^b	24.80^b	22.80^c	0.30	<.001

Values are means of five replicates (n = 5).

PKC: palm kernel cake; LPKC: lactic acid bacteria-fermented PKC; EPKC: enzyme-fermented PKC; XPKC: extruded PKC; SEM: standard error of the mean; DM: dry matter; GE: gross energy; CP: crude protein; CF: crude fibre; NDF: neutral detergent fibre; ADF: acid detergent fibre.

^a–dMeans within a column with no common superscripts differ significantly at p < .05.

Table 5. Amino acid concentrations of various treated PKC.

Amino acids	Amino acids concentration, % (DM basis)
	PKC	EPKC	XPKC	LPKC	SEM	p Value
Indispensable
Lysine	0.50^b	0.45^c	0.46^c	0.54^a	0.008	<.001
Methionine	0.30^b	0.27^c	0.28^c	0.33^a	0.006	<.001
Threonine	0.54^ab	0.53^b	0.50^c	0.55^a	0.005	<.001
Arginine	1.94^a	1.78^c	1.95^a	1.90^b	0.015	<.001
Valine	0.90^b	0.92^ab	0.87^c	0.93^a	0.006	<.001
Isoleucine	0.60^a	0.57^b	0.55^c	0.60^a	0.006	<.001
Histidine	0.31^a	0.25^b	0.31^a	0.29^a	0.006	<.001
Leucine	1.08^b	1.07^b	1.05^c	1.14^a	0.008	<.001
Phenylalanine	0.66^a	0.50^c	0.57^b	0.67^a	0.01	<.001
Dispensable
Cysteine	0.36^a	0.20^c	0.17^d	0.21^b	0.01	<.001
Tyrosine	0.30^b	0.30^b	0.31^b	0.37^a	0.007	<.001
Serine	0.75^a	0.71^b	0.74^a	0.76^a	0.006	.012
Glycine	0.80^b	0.85^a	0.81^b	0.82^b	0.005	<.001
Alanine	0.87^d	0.94^c	1.10^a	1.02^b	0.01	<.001
Glutamic acid	3.06^c	3.07^c	3.17^b	3.22^a	0.01	<.001
Aspartic acid	1.14^c	1.18^a	1.15^bc	1.16^b	0.004	<.001
Proline	0.57^b	0.57^b	0.53^c	0.63^a	0.008	<.001

Values are means of five replicates (n = 5).

PKC: palm kernel cake; LPKC: lactic acid bacteria-fermented PKC; EPKC: enzyme-fermented PKC; XPKC: extruded PKC; DM: dry matter; SEM: standard error of the mean.

^a-dMeans within a row with no common superscripts differ significantly at p < .05.

Table 6. Effect of various treated PKC on the time of 50% excretion (T50) and mean retention time (MRT) of feed in broiler chickens kept under tropical environment.

Item	Item
	PKC	LPKC	EPKC	XPKC	SEM	p Value
T50, hours	4.24	3.94	4.01	4.02	0.05	.29
MRT, hours	5.27	5.25	5.23	5.14	0.05	.82

Values are means of five replicates (n = 5).

PKC: palm kernel cake; LPKC: lactic acid bacteria-fermented PKC; EPKC: enzyme-fermented PKC; XPKC: extruded PKC; SEM: standard error of the mean; T50: time of 50% TiO₂ excretion; MRT: mean retention time.

^a,bMeans within a column with no common superscripts differ significantly at p < .05.

Table 7. Apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and apparent ileal crude protein digestibility (AICPD) of various treated PKC in broiler chickens kept under tropical environment.

	Item (DM basis)
Item	PKC	EPKC	XPKC	LPKC	SEM	p Value
AME, kcal/kg	1397.60^b	1946.90^a	2025.30^a	1999.90^a	66.89	<.001
AICPD, %	45.90^b	55.20^a	45.40^b	59.90^a	1.74	<.001

Values are means of five replicates (n = 5).

^a,bMeans within a column with no common superscripts differ significantly at p < .05.

PKC: palm kernel cake; LPKC: lactic acid bacteria-fermented PKC; EPKC: enzyme-fermented PKC; XPKC: extruded PKC; SEM: standard error of the mean; AME: apparent metabolisable energy; AIDCP: apparent ileal crude protein digestibility.

Table 8. Apparent ileal amino acids digestibility of various treated PKC in broiler chickens kept under tropical environment.

Amino acids	Apparent ileal amino acids digestibility, % (DM basis)
	PKC	EPKC	XPKC	LPKC	SEM	p Value
Indispensable AA
Lysine	26.50^b	41.60^a	21.40^b	45.40^a	2.50	<.001
Methionine	65.30^ab	68.00^ab	58.60^b	71.70^a	2.01	.122
Threonine	26.50^c	50.90^a	21.40^c	45.40^b	2.97	<.001
Arginine	69.60^a	62.20^b	63.10^b	74.10^a	1.35	<.001
Valine	54.40^b	57.50^ab	50.90^b	63.60^a	1.51	.01
Isoleucine	51.90^bc	55.40^b	48.70^c	62.40^a	1.58	.005
Histidine	42.60^ab	40.30^b	37.20^b	47.40^a	1.31	.029
Leucine	50.00^b	55.90^a	47.30^b	61.30^a	1.58	.001
Phenylalanine	54.50^b	46.70^c	44.20^c	62.20^a	1.93	<.001
Dispensable AA
Cysteine	42.60^a	44.20^a	19.80^b	45.20^a	2.66	<.001
Tyrosine	37.60^b	38.30^b	39.60^b	52.90^a	1.88	.003
Serine	39.40^bc	44.70^ab	34.50^c	48.60^a	1.87	.027
Glycine	39.70^ab	45.90^a	34.30^b	45.80^a	1.68	.026
Alanine	57.90^c	65.50^b	68.40^ab	71.10^a	1.45	.002
Glutamic acid	52.10^b	53.70^ab	49.20^b	58.90^a	1.26	.035
Aspartic acid	15.90^b	30.00^a	20.20^b	34.60^a	1.87	<.001
Proline	39.80^b	45.70^ab	31.70^c	51.60^a	2.07	<.001
Average	45.10^bc	49.80^ab	40.60^c	55.40^a	1.53	<.001

Values are means of five replicates (n = 5).

PKC: palm kernel cake; LPKC: lactic acid bacteria-fermented PKC; EPKC: enzyme-fermented PKC; XPKC: extruded PKC; SEM: standard error of the mean.

^a–cMeans within a row with no common superscripts differ significantly at p < .05.