Feeding F1 Holstein x Zebu cows with different roughages and pseudostem hay of banana trees does not influence milk yield and chemical composition of milk and cheese

Figures & data

Table 1. Proportion of ingredients and chemical composition of experimental diets.

Item	Experimental diets^a
	(g/kg of dry matter)
	SS	SSPS	EGPS	SCPS
Pseudostem hay	0.00	223.29	223.71	220.92
Sorghum silage	747.60	521.01	0.00	0.00
Elephant grass	0.00	0.00	521.99	0.00
Sugar cane	0.00	0.00	0.00	515.48
Ground corn	156.08	156.08	156.08	156.08
Soybean meal	84.27	84.27	84.27	84.27
Urea/ammonium sulphate (9:1)	2.40	5.70	4.30	13.60
Mineral mix^b	9.65	9.65	9.65	9.65
	Chemical composition
Dry matter	464.50	593.00	565.90	578.50
Ashes	64.30	88.80	95.90	77.60
Crude protein	122.70	124.90	120.10	120.80
Ether extract	21.80	19.43	15.23	16.67
Total carbohydrates	791.20	766.87	768.77	784.93
Nonfibrous carbohydrates	310.84	293.82	314.65	424.09
Neutral detergent fibre	530.30	515.50	503.60	409.80
NDFap^c	489.00	475.10	469.60	392.50
iNDF^d	161.10	145.40	227.40	159.90
Acid detergent fibre	324.20	334.50	352.30	267.10
Lignin	120.20	122.30	135.50	99.30

^aSS, Sorghum silage; SSPS, sorghum silage (70%) associated with 30% pseudostem hay of banana trees (dry matter basis); EGPS – 70% elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Roxo) with 30% pseudostem hay of banana trees (dry matter basis) and SCPS – 70% sugar cane with 30% pseudostem hay of banana trees (dry matter basis).

^bMineral mix, content per kg of product: calcium (128 g min), phosphorus (100 g min), sodium (120 g min), magnesium (15 g), sulphur (33 g), cobalt (135 mg), iron 918 mg), iodine (160 mg), manganese (1800 mg), selenium (34 mg), zinc (5760 mg), fluorine (1000 mg).

^cNDFap – Neutral detergent fibre corrected for ash and protein.

^diNDF – Indigestible neutral detergent fibre.

Table 2. Chemical composition of the ingredients (g/kg of dry matter) used in the formulation of the experimental diets.

Item^a	g kg^−1 of dry matter
	Pseudostem hay	Sorghum silage	Elephant grass	Sugar cane	Ground corn	Soybean meal
Dry matter	888.30	317.10	265.30	289.40	897.20	914.00
Ashes	170.60	61.50	74.90	40.10	15.40	72.30
Organic matter	829.40	938.50	925.10	959.90	984.60	927.70
Crude protein	47.00	76.50	74.30	29.90	104.20	512.60
Ether extract	9.60	19.90	11.80	14.80	35.00	17.30
Total carbohydrates	772.80	842.00	839.10	915.30	845.30	397.90
Non-fibrous carbohydrates	232.50	240.00	247.70	470.80	678.40	261.70
Neutral detergent fibre	600.00	665.80	643.10	464.30	185.80	236.80
NDFap	540.30	602.00	591.40	444.50	166.90	136.20
iNDF	131.20	201.10	357.30	228.90	55.40	19.10
Acid detergent fibre	461.60	416.10	450.00	287.70	31.40	86.30
Lignin	164.20	154.90	180.00	111.10	15.40	19.40

^aNDFap, Neutral detergent fibre corrected for ash and protein; iNDF, Indigestible neutral detergent fibre.

Table 3. Intake and milk yield of F1 Holstein/Zebu cows fed diets with different roughages associated with pseudostem hay of banana trees.

Item^a	Diets^b				SEM^c	p Value^d
	SS	SSPS	EGPS	SCPS
Intake, % BW
Dry matter	2.87 a	2.86 a	2.55 b	2.51 b	0.08	<.01
Crude protein	0.30 b	0.34 a	0.26 b	0.28 b	0.01	<.01
Nonfibrous carbohydrates	0.86 b	0.89 b	0.81 b	1.03 a	0.03	<.01
NDFap	1.05 a	1.12 a	0.83 b	0.76 b	0.04	<.01
Total digestible nutrients	1.55 a	1.67 a	1.18 b	1.44 a	0.06	<.01
iNDF	0.38 b	0.39 b	0.50 a	0.36 b	0.02	<.01
Milk yield corrected for 3.5 fat, kg/day	16.71	16.64	15.69	14.71	1.35	.69

^aNDFap, Neutral detergent fibre corrected for ash and protein; iNDF, indigestible neutral detergent fibre; BW, Body weight.

^bSS, Sorghum silage; SSPS, sorghum silage (70%) associated with 30% pseudostem hay of banana trees (dry matter basis); EGPS – 70% elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Roxo) with 30% pseudostem hay of banana trees (dry matter basis) and SCPS – 70% sugar cane with 30% pseudostem hay of banana trees (dry matter basis). Means followed in the lines by the same letter do not differ by Scott–Knott’s test (p < .05).

^cSEM, standard error of the mean.

^dProbability.

Table 4. Milk composition and performance of F1 Holstein/Zebu cows fed diets with different roughages associated with pseudostem hay of banana trees.

Item (%)^a	Diets^b				SEM^c	p Value^d
	SS	SSPS	EGPS	SCPS
Fat	4.23	4.33	4.39	4.15	0.17	.74
Protein	3.55	3.48	3.34	3.55	0.13	.67
Lactose	4.63	4.62	4.63	4.63	0.05	.99
Total solids	13.37	13.43	13.35	13.25	0.27	.96
DDE	9.14	9.1	9.02	9.17	0.17	.93
MUN (mg dL^-1)	8.53 b	10.58 b	13.22 a	10.27 b	0.74	<.01
Casein	2.76	2.76	2.63	2.83	0.12	.66
Casein/Protein	78.44	79.05	78.49	79.68	0.58	.42
SCC (mil mL^-1)	103.5	90.12	48.37	97.00	20.04	.38

^aDDE, Defatted dry extract content; MUN, Milk urea nitrogen; casein/protein – % of casein in relation to protein; SCC, Somatic cell count.

^bSS, Sorghum silage; SSPS, sorghum silage (70%) associated with 30% pseudostem hay of banana trees (dry matter basis); EGPS – 70% elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Roxo) with 30% pseudostem hay of banana trees (dry matter basis) and SCPS – 70% sugar cane with 30% pseudostem hay of banana trees (dry matter basis). Means followed in the lines by the same letter do not differ by Scott–Knott’s test (p < .05).

^cSEM, standard error of the mean.

^dProbability.

Table 5. Fatty acid profile of milk fat of F1 Holstein/Zebu cows fed diets with different roughages associated with pseudostem hay of banana trees.

Fatty acid^a	Diets^b				SEM^c	p Value^d
	SS	SSPS	EGPS	SCPS
ΣSFA, mg/g	769.2 a	786.7 a	728.4 b	790.0 a	12.6	<.01
C4:0	2.88	2.76	2.70	2.81	0.09	.60
C6:0	2.15 a	2.19 a	1.99 b	2.22 a	0.05	.03
C8:0	1.43	1.37	1.44	1.48	0.06	.69
C10:0	3.54 a	3.39 a	3.17 b	3.91 a	0.18	.06
C11:0	0.062 b	0.065 b	0.048 b	0.15 a	0.01	<.01
C12:0	4.49 b	4.31 b	3.96 b	5.30 a	0.27	.01
C13:0 iso	0.038	0.045	0.053	0.043	0.004	0.18
C13:0 anteiso	0.11 b	0.11 b	0.11 b	0.16 a	0.008	<.01
C13:0	0.12 b	0.12 b	0.11 b	0.23 a	0.01	<.01
C14:0 iso	0.14	0.27	0.2	0.12	0.05	.20
C14:0	13.41	13.19	12.6	13.75	0.40	.25
C15:0 iso	0.30 b	0.32 b	0.40 a	0.27 b	0.02	.03
C15:0 anteiso	0.53 b	0.51 b	0.69 a	0.42 b	0.05	.02
C15:0	1.23 b	1.28 b	1.32 b	1.85 a	0.11	<.01
C16:0 iso	0.21 b	0.27 a	0.33 a	0.17 b	0.02	<.01
C16:0	37.68	40.21	35.26	40.79	1.62	.09
C17:0 iso	0.28 b	0.29 b	0.43 a	0.25 b	0.02	<.01
C17:0	0.59	0.59	0.63	0.56	0.02	.24
C18:0	7.36 a	7.00 a	7.08 a	4.21 b	0.41	<.01
C20:0	0.14 a	0.14 a	0.11 b	0.07 c	0.007	<.01
C21:0	0.013 b	0.022 a	0.023 a	0.005 b	0.003	<.01
C22:0	0.051	0.060	0.045	0.031	0.006	.03
C23:0	0.032	0.038	0.036	0.021	0.003	.02
C24:0	0.053 a	0.056 a	0.041 b	0.026 c	0.002	<.01
ΣMUFA, mg/g	207.9 b	192.2 b	249.9 a	185.7 b	19.1	<.01
C10:1	0.41 b	0.39 b	0.38 b	0.48 a	0.01	<.01
C12:1	0.13 b	0.13 b	0.12 b	0.19 a	0.01	.71
C14:1c9	1.42 b	1.40 b	1.48 b	1.83 a	0.09	.01
C16:1c9	2.03 b	2.02 b	2.48 a	2.53 a	0.11	<.01
C17:1	0.23 b	0.22 b	0.31 a	0.27 a	0.01	<.01
C18:1 trans11	1.28 b	1.09 c	1.45 a	0.79 b	0.04	<.01
C18:1 c9	14.47 b	13.16 b	17.59 a	11.69 b	1.04	<.01
C18:1 c11	0.53 b	0.52 b	0.78 a	0.51 b	0.05	<.01
C18:1 c12	0.11	0.10	0.12	0.09	0.01	.30
C18:1 c13	0.05 b	0.04 b	0.08 a	0.05 b	0.01	.02
C18:1 t16	0.06 b	0.07 b	0.08 a	0.04 b	0.006	<.01
C18:1 c15	0.006	0.008	0.020	0.016	0.005	.21
C20:1	0.021	0.021	0.026	0.020	0.004	.74
C22: 1n9	0.0	0.0	0.007	0.0	0.003	.25
C24:1	0.022	0.012	0.020	0.016	0.003	.28
ΣPUFA, mg/g	17.2	17.3	17.7	18.9	01.2	.77
C18:3 n6	0.013	0.011	0.015	0.020	0.002	.11
C18:3 n3	0.33 a	0.28 a	0.23 b	0.18 b	0.020	<.01
C18:2 c9t11	0.28 b	0.26 b	0.39 a	0.13 c	0.03	<.01
C18:2 n6	0.90 b	0.98 b	0.90 b	1.29 a	0.08	.01
C20:2	0.006	0.008	0.008	0.008	0.002	.84
C20:3 n6	0.043	0.048	0.051	0.068	0.007	.14
C20:4 n6	0.078 b	0.063 b	0.085 b	0.111 a	0.0090	.01
C20:5 n3	0.021	0.023	0.022	0.017	0.002	.31
C22:5	0.046	0.043	0.050	0.052	0.004	.43
C22:6 n3	0.001	0.001	0.003	0.003	0.001	.45

^aSFA, Saturated fatty acids; 2 MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; 3 PUFA, Polyunsaturated fatty acids.

^bSS, Sorghum silage; SSPS, sorghum silage (70%) associated with 30% pseudostem hay of banana trees (dry matter basis); EGPS – 70% elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Roxo) with 30% pseudostem hay of banana trees (dry matter basis) and SCPS – 70% sugar cane with 30% pseudostem hay of banana trees (dry matter basis). Means followed in the lines by the same letter do not differ by Scott–Knott’s test (p < .05).

^cSEM, standard error of the mean.

^dProbability.

Table 6. Nutritional quality indexes of milk lipid fraction of F1 Holstein/Zebu cows fed diets with different roughages associated with pseudostem hay of banana trees.

Index^a	Diets^b				SEM^c	p Value^d
	SS	SSPS	EGPS	SCPS
AI	4.53 a	5.18 a	3.63 b	5.41 a	0.37	.01
TI	2.35 b	2.80 a	2.04 b	2.93 a	0.22	.03
h/H	0.44 b	0.40 b	0.56 a	0.38 b	0.03	<.01
DFA	29.89 a	27.95 b	33.86 a	24.74 b	1.36	<.01
PFA/SFA	0.021	0.021	0.025	0.025	0.002	.44
ω6	0.13 b	0.12 b	0.15 b	0.19 a	0.01	.01
ω3	0.35 a	0.30 a	0.26 b	0.21 b	0.02	<.01
ω6/ ω3	0.37 c	0.40 c	0.59 b	0.93 a	0.04	<.01

^aAI, Atherogenic index; TI, Thrombogenic index; h/H, hypo/hypercholesterolemic ratio; DFA, desirable fatty acids; PFA/SFA, ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids; ω6 and ω3 – sum of fatty acids; ω6/ω3 – ratio.

^bSS, Sorghum silage; SSPS, sorghum silage (70%) associated with 30% pseudostem hay of banana trees (dry matter basis); EGPS – 70% elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Roxo) with 30% pseudostem hay of banana trees (dry matter basis) and SCPS – 70% sugar cane with 30% pseudostem hay of banana trees (dry matter basis). Means followed in the lines by the same letter do not differ by Scott–Knott’s test (p < .05).

^cSEM, standard error of the mean.

^dProbability.

Table 7. Chemical composition, acceptance test and ranking preference of Minas Frescal cheese of F1 Holstein/Zebu cows fed diets with different roughages associated with pseudostem hay of banana trees.

Item	Diets^a				SEM^c	p Value^d
	Chemical composition^b
	SS	SSPS	EGPS	SCPS
Fat (% TDE)	40.58	41.90	40.58	39.05	1.51	.63
Protein (% TDE)	48.18	46.87	48.77	49.28	1.10	.50
Fixed mineral waste (% TDE)	11.22	11.21	11.13	11.66	0.66	.94
TDE (%)	32.28	33.60	33.68	34.64	1.42	.72
Moisture (%)	48.08	45.99	47.72	52.77	2.04	.21
Cheese yield (kg/kg)	4.63	3.53	3.40	3.41	0.09	.32
pH	6.53	6.58	6.59	6.56	0.02	.43
Water activity	0.98	0.98	0.99	0.98	<0.01	.75
	Acceptance test^e
Appearance	7.69	7.63	7.52	7.47	–	–
Consistency	7.27 a	7.46 a	6.86 b	7.14a	–	–
Flavour	7.27	7.4	7.15	7.36	–	–
Overall impression	7.38	7.47	7.15	7.38	–	–
Number of tasters	100	100	100	100	–	–
	Ranking preference^f
Sum of orders²	185a	187a	179b	183a	–	–
Number of tasters	100	100	100	100	–	–

^aSS, Sorghum silage; SSPS, sorghum silage (70%) associated with 30% pseudostem hay of banana trees (dry matter basis); EGPS – 70% elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Roxo) with 30% pseudostem hay of banana trees (dry matter basis) and SCPS – 70% sugar cane with 30% pseudostem hay of banana trees (dry matter basis).

^bTDE, total dry extract; means followed in the lines by the same letter do not differ by Scott–Knot’s test (p < .05)

^cSEM, standard error of the mean.

^dProbability.

^eMeans followed in the lines by the same letter do not differ by minimum significant difference (Friedman’s test).

^fSum of the orders obtained from the testers to each of the samples. Means followed in the lines by the same letter do not differ by minimum significant difference (Friedman’s test)