Effects of the combination between selected phytochemicals and the carriers silica and Tween 80 on dry matter and neutral detergent fibre digestibility of common feeds

Figures & data

Table 1. Chemical composition and digestibility of the substrates employed in the study.

	Maize meal	Soybean meal	TMR^a
Dry matter (DM; g kg^−1 as fed)	882	896	475
Nutrients, g kg^−1 DM
Crude protein	98	457	168
Ether extract	41	28	41
Starch	681	−	293
Ash	17	69	62
Neutral detergent fibre	161	210	348
Acid detergent fibre	29	89	160
Acid detergent lignin	5	9	2
Dry matter digestibility, (4 h)	494	512	412
Dry matter digestibility, (24 h)	872	863	725
Fibre digestibility, g kg^−1 aNDF^b
Neutral detergent fibre digestibility, (4 h)	443	348	353
Neutral detergent fibre digestibility, (24 h)	682	837	663

^aTMR – total mixed ration (g kg⁻¹ DM): maize silage, 246; maize meal, 180; triticale silage, 108; soybean meal, 79; maize grain flaked, 66; sorghum haylage, 61; alfalfa hay, 49; barley meal, 42; maize distillers, 38; soybean hulls, 33; beet pulp, 33; wheat straw, 10; soybean flakes, 20; fat supplement - Megalac^®, 18; mineral and vitamin premix, 18.

^baNDF: amylase-treated neutral detergent fibre (Mertens et al.; 2002).

Table 2. Effect of carriers and phytochemicals (PCs) essential oils (EO) and essential oils active compounds (EOAC) on in vitro dry matter (DM) digestibility (%) of maize meal, soybean meal and total mixed ration (TMR) at 4 and 24 h of fermentation.

Item^a	Maize		Soybean		TMR^b
	4	24	4	24	4	24
	% of DMD^c
CIN.T80	48.1	85.0	49.7	76.0	35.9	66.1
CIN.SIL	54.8	87.2	47.9	81.7	46.3	75.3
CIN-AC.T80	61.8	85.8	48.1	80.2	41.4	70.9
CIN-AC.SIL	57.6	87.6	57.7	86.7	46.5	73.8
CLO.T80	56.4	86.1	50.2	81.5	39.0	72.3
CLO.SIL	50.3	88.7	54.2	91.7	44.4	76.1
EUG.T80	65.0	86.7	49.1	81.4	37.3	68.2
EUG.SIL	45.6	84.7	56.6	91.9	46.5	73.1
THY.T80	52.3	85.7	50.0	77.8	38.2	70.6
THY.SIL	58.4	85.2	48.4	84.7	42.9	74.9
THY-AC.T80	53.6	84.6	49.7	75.8	38.3	70.2
THY-AC.SIL	51.1	85.2	51.4	89.4	41.9	75.4
ORE.T80	56.6	84.2	55.1	77.9	43.7	70.0
ORE.SIL	55.3	80.7	49.7	76.7	43.8	61.6
CAR.T80	55.5	85.8	54.9	81.8	42.8	72.9
CAR.SIL	49.2	89.5	49.3	89.8	44.2	75.8
CRR.T80	59.8	85.8	49.9	86.8	40.3	72.5
CRR.SIL	53.7	88.3	59.7	87.5	46.1	72.0
SEM	0.50	0.30	0.18	0.59	0.25	0.49
Variables	p Value
PCs^d	.030	.024	≤.001	.005	.010	.027
Carriers	.002	.246	≤.001	≤.001	≤.001	.020
PCs*Carriers	≤.001	.231	≤.001	.240	.002	.046

^aTreatments combinations: CIN = cinnamon oil, CIN-AC = cinnamaldehyde, CLO = clove oil, EUG = eugenol, THY = thyme oil, THY-AC = thymol, ORE = oregano oil, CAR = carvacrol, CRR = negative control (substrate plus carrier), T80 = Tween 80, SIL = Silica.

^bTMR: Total mixed ration (see food notes of Table 1 for the composition);

^cDMD: Dry matter digestibility.

^dPCs = Phytochemicals.

Figure 1. Boxplot comparing the effects across all combination between phytochemicals (PC) and carrier on maize meal dry matter digestibility (DMD) at 4 h of fermentation. The white boxes express the DMD distribution affected by the PC emulsified (T80), while the grey boxes express the DMD distribution affected by the PC adsorbed on silica (SIL). No outliers were detected then no points of values were plotted individually. The horizontal line in the middle indicates the median of the sample, the top and the bottom of the rectangle (box) represents the 75^th and 25^th percentiles. The whiskers at either side of the rectangle represent the lower and upper quartile. The dotted line represents the substrate digestibility. Treatments combinations: CIN = cinnamon oil, CIN-AC = cinnamaldehyde, CLO = clove oil, EUG = eugenol, THY = thyme oil, THY-AC = thymol, ORE = oregano oil, CAR = carvacrol, CRR = negative control (substrate plus carrier), T80 = Tween 80, SIL = Silica.

Figure 2. Boxplot comparing the effects across all combination between phytochemicals (PC) and carrier on maize meal dry matter digestibility (DMD) at 24 h of fermentation. The white boxes express the DMD distribution affected by the PC emulsified (T80), while the grey boxes express the DMD distribution affected by the PC adsorbed on silica (SIL). No outliers were detected then no points of values were plotted individually. The horizontal line in the middle indicates the median of the sample, the top and the bottom of the rectangle (box) represents the 75^th and 25^th percentiles. The whiskers at either side of the rectangle represent the lower and upper quartile. The dotted line represents the substrate digestibility. Treatments combinations: CIN = cinnamon oil, CIN-AC = cinnamaldehyde, CLO = clove oil, EUG = eugenol, THY = thyme oil, THY-AC = thymol, ORE = oregano oil, CAR = carvacrol, CRR = negative control (substrate plus carrier), T80 = Tween 80, SIL = Silica.

Figure 3. Boxplot comparing the effects across all combination between phytochemicals (PC) and carrier on soybean meal dry matter digestibility (DMD) at 4 h of fermentation. The white boxes express the DMD distribution affected by the PC emulsified (T80), while the grey boxes express the DMD distribution affected by the PC adsorbed on silica (SIL). No outliers were detected then no points of values were plotted individually. The horizontal line in the middle indicates the median of the sample, the top and the bottom of the rectangle (box) represents the 75^th and 25^th percentiles. The whiskers at either side of the rectangle represent the lower and upper quartile. The dotted line represent the substrate digestibility. Treatments combinations: CIN = cinnamon oil, CIN-AC = cinnamaldehyde, CLO = clove oil, EUG = eugenol, THY = thyme oil, THY-AC = thymol, ORE = oregano oil, CAR = carvacrol, CRR = negative control (substrate plus carrier), T80 = Tween 80, SIL = Silica.

Figure 4. Boxplot comparing the effects across all combination between phytochemicals (PC) and carrier on soybean meal dry matter digestibility (DMD) at 24 h of fermentation. The white boxes express the DMD distribution affected by the PC emulsified (T80), while the grey boxes express the DMD distribution affected by the PC adsorbed on silica (SIL). No outliers were detected then no points of values were plotted individually. The horizontal line in the middle indicates the median of the sample, the top and the bottom of the rectangle (box) represents the 75^th and 25^th percentiles. The whiskers at either side of the rectangle represent the lower and upper quartile. The dotted line represents the substrate digestibility. Treatments combinations: CIN = cinnamon oil, CIN-AC = cinnamaldehyde, CLO = clove oil, EUG = eugenol, THY = thyme oil, THY-AC = thymol, ORE = oregano oil, CAR = carvacrol, CRR = negative control (substrate plus carrier), T80 = Tween 80, SIL = Silica.

Figure 5. Boxplot comparing the effects across all combination between phytochemicals (PC) and carrier on total mixed ration (TMR) dry matter digestibility (DMD) at 4 h of fermentation. The white boxes express the DMD distribution affected by the PC emulsified (T80), while the grey boxes express the DMD distribution affected by the PC adsorbed on silica (SIL). No outliers were detected then no points of values were plotted individually. The horizontal line in the middle indicates the median of the sample, the top and the bottom of the rectangle (box) represents the 75^th and 25^th percentiles. The whiskers at either side of the rectangle represent the lower and upper quartile. The dotted line represents the substrate digestibility. Treatments combinations: CIN = cinnamon oil, CIN-AC = cinnamaldehyde, CLO = clove oil, EUG = eugenol, THY = thyme oil, THY-AC = thymol, ORE = oregano oil, CAR = carvacrol, CRR = negative control (substrate plus carrier), T80 = Tween 80, SIL = Silica.

Figure 6. Boxplot comparing the effects across all combination between phytochemicals (PC) and carrier on total mixed ration (TMR) dry matter digestibility (DMD) at 24 h of fermentation. The white boxes express the DMD distribution affected by the PC emulsified (T80), while the grey boxes express the DMD distribution affected by the PC adsorbed on silica (SIL). No outliers were detected then no points of values were plotted individually. The horizontal line in the middle indicates the median of the sample, the top and the bottom of the rectangle (box) represents the 75^th and 25^th percentiles. The whiskers at either side of the rectangle represent the lower and upper quartile. The dotted line represents the substrate digestibility. Treatments combinations: CIN = cinnamon oil, CIN-AC = cinnamaldehyde, CLO = clove oil, EUG = eugenol, THY = thyme oil, THY-AC = thymol, ORE = oregano oil, CAR = carvacrol, CRR = negative control (substrate plus carrier), T80 = Tween 80, SIL = Silica.

Table 3. Effect of carriers and phytochemicals (PCs) essential oils (EO) and essential oils active compounds (EOAC) on in vitro neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestibility (%) of maize meal, soybean meal and total mixed ration (TMR) at 4 and 24 h of fermentation.

Item^a	Maize		Soybean		TMR^b
	4	24	4	24	4	24
	% of NDFD^c
CIN.T80	48.4	68.4	42.3	82.9	26.8	54.4
CIN.SIL	67.7	89.0	45.4	94.1	35.0	70.9
CIN-AC.T80	42.5	65.7	35.4	85.3	30.0	63.0
CIN-AC.SIL	66.5	86.3	51.6	96.3	34.0	54.6
CLO.T80	53.1	74.5	35.2	88.7	34.4	66.3
CLO.SIL	57.9	66.3	49.0	87.2	37.4	74.2
EUG.T80	54.4	68.2	37.3	86.4	36.4	64.8
EUG.SIL	59.8	81.5	47.0	87.9	35.0	70.1
THY.T80	34.7	64.9	37.2	79.0	25.8	61.1
THY.SIL	60.6	85.4	54.6	95.1	35.0	62.8
THY-AC.T80	48.2	55.3	35.7	87.1	27.1	60.4
THY-AC.SIL	55.4	85.9	51.1	98.8	35.5	64.6
ORE.T80	40.0	60.0	37.3	85.2	27.8	64.4
ORE.SIL	59.4	80.7	49.7	99.5	35.6	72.1
CAR.T80	50.4	61.6	38.4	85.1	24.7	61.2
CAR.SIL	56.7	90.1	54.5	99.7	38.1	67.9
CRR.T80	50.2	66.9	41.5	84.2	26.8	59.2
CRR.SIL	58.1	92.3	48.5	98.7	34.4	70.0
SEM	0.49	0.32	0.37	0.49	0.26	0.59
Variables	p Value
PCs^d	.001	<.001	.193	.058	≤.001	.005
Carriers	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	≤.001
PCs*Carriers	<.001	<.001	.002	.003	≤.001	.010

^aTreatments combinations: CIN = cinnamon oil, CIN-AC = cinnamaldehyde, CLO = clove oil, EUG = eugenol, THY = thyme oil, THY-AC = thymol, ORE = oregano oil, CAR = carvacrol, CRR = negative control (substrate plus carrier), T80 = Tween 80, SIL = Silica.

^bTMR: Total mixer ration (see food notes of Table 1 for the composition).

^cNDFD: Neutral detergent fibre digestibility.

^dPCs: Phytochemicals.

Figure 7. Boxplot comparing the effects across all combination between phytochemicals (PC) and carrier on maize meal neutral detergent fibre digestibility (NDFD) at 4 h of fermentation. The white boxes express the NDFD distribution affected by the PC emulsified (T80), while the grey boxes express the NDFD distribution affected by the PC adsorbed on silica (SIL). No outliers were detected then no points of values were plotted individually. The horizontal line in the middle indicates the median of the sample, the top and the bottom of the rectangle (box) represents the 75^th and 25^th percentiles. The whiskers at either side of the rectangle represent the lower and upper quartile. The dotted line represent the substrate digestibility. Treatments combinations: CIN = cinnamon oil, CIN-AC = cinnamaldehyde, CLO = clove oil, EUG = eugenol, THY = thyme oil, THY-AC = thymol, ORE = oregano oil, CAR = carvacrol, CRR = negative control (substrate plus carrier), T80 = Tween 80, SIL = Silica.

Figure 8. Boxplot comparing the effects across all combination between phytochemicals (PC) and carrier on maize meal neutral detergent fibre digestibility (NDFD) at 24 h of fermentation. The white boxes express the NDFD distribution affected by the PC emulsified (T80), while the grey boxes express the NDFD distribution affected by the PC adsorbed on silica (SIL). No outliers were detected then no points of values were plotted individually. The horizontal line in the middle indicates the median of the sample, the top and the bottom of the rectangle (box) represents the 75^th and 25^th percentiles. The whiskers at either side of the rectangle represent the lower and upper quartile. The dotted line represent the substrate digestibility. Treatments combinations: CIN = cinnamon oil, CIN-AC = cinnamaldehyde, CLO = clove oil, EUG = eugenol, THY = thyme oil, THY-AC = thymol, ORE = oregano oil, CAR = carvacrol, CRR = negative control (substrate plus carrier), T80 = Tween 80, SIL = Silica.

Figure 9. Boxplot comparing the effects across all combination between phytochemicals (PC) and carrier on soybean meal neutral detergent fibre digestibility (NDFD) at 4 h of fermentation. The white boxes express the NDFD distribution affected by the PC emulsified (T80), while the grey boxes express the NDFD distribution affected by the PC adsorbed on silica (SIL). No outliers were detected then no points of values were plotted individually. The horizontal line in the middle indicates the median of the sample, the top and the bottom of the rectangle (box) represents the 75^th and 25^th percentiles. The whiskers at either side of the rectangle represent the lower and upper quartile. The dotted line represents the substrate digestibility. Treatments combinations: CIN = cinnamon oil, CIN-AC = cinnamaldehyde, CLO = clove oil, EUG = eugenol, THY = thyme oil, THY-AC = thymol, ORE = oregano oil, CAR = carvacrol, CRR = negative control (substrate plus carrier), T80 = Tween 80, SIL = Silica.

Figure 10. Boxplot comparing the effects across all combination between phytochemicals (PC) and carrier on soybean meal neutral detergent fibre digestibility (NDFD) at 24 h of fermentation. The white boxes express the NDFD distribution affected by the PC emulsified (T80), while the grey boxes express the NDFD distribution affected by the PC adsorbed on silica (SIL). No outliers were detected then no points of values were plotted individually. The horizontal line in the middle indicates the median of the sample, the top and the bottom of the rectangle (box) represents the 75^th and 25^th percentiles. The whiskers at either side of the rectangle represent the lower and upper quartile. The dotted line represents the substrate digestibility. Treatments combinations: CIN = cinnamon oil, CIN-AC = cinnamaldehyde, CLO = clove oil, EUG = eugenol, THY = thyme oil, THY-AC = thymol, ORE = oregano oil, CAR = carvacrol, CRR = negative control (substrate plus carrier), T80 = Tween 80, SIL = Silica.

Figure 11. Boxplot comparing the effects across all combination between phytochemicals (PC) and carrier on total mixed ration (TMR) neutral detergent fibre digestibility (NDFD) at 4 h of fermentation. The white boxes express the NDFD distribution affected by the PC emulsified (T80), while the grey boxes express the NDFD distribution affected by the PC adsorbed on silica (SIL). No outliers were detected then no points of values were plotted individually. The horizontal line in the middle indicates the median of the sample, the top and the bottom of the rectangle (box) represents the 75^th and 25^th percentiles. The whiskers at either side of the rectangle represent the lower and upper quartile. The dotted line represents the substrate digestibility. Treatments combinations: CIN = cinnamon oil, CIN-AC = cinnamaldehyde, CLO = clove oil, EUG = eugenol, THY = thyme oil, THY-AC = thymol, ORE = oregano oil, CAR = carvacrol, CRR = negative control (substrate plus carrier), T80 = Tween 80, SIL = Silica.

Figure 12. Boxplot comparing the effects across all combination between phytochemicals (PC) and carrier on total mixed ration (TMR) neutral detergent fibre digestibility (NDFD) at 24 h of fermentation. The white boxes express the NDFD distribution affected by the PC emulsified (T80), while the grey boxes express the NDFD distribution affected by the PC adsorbed on silica (SIL). No outliers were detected then no points of values were plotted individually. The horizontal line in the middle indicates the median of the sample, the top and the bottom of the rectangle (box) represents the 75^th and 25^th percentiles. The whiskers at either side of the rectangle represent the lower and upper quartile. The dotted line represents the substrate digestibility. Treatments combinations: CIN = cinnamon oil, CIN-AC = cinnamaldehyde, CLO = clove oil, EUG = eugenol, THY = thyme oil, THY-AC = thymol, ORE = oregano oil, CAR = carvacrol, CRR = negative control (substrate plus carrier), T80 = Tween 80, SIL = Silica.