Influence of microbial fermentation processing of sesame meal and enzyme supplementation on broiler performances

Figures & data

Table 1. The chemical composition of sesame meal before and after fermentation.

	Day	pH	Dry matter, %	Crude protein, %	Ether extract, %	ASH, %	Crude fibre, %	Phytic acid, %	Oxalate, %
Microorganism
LA	0	6.03	95.41	45.85	13.95	10.81	3.51	1.33	0.609
	2	4.46	94.74	46.20	14.52	9.67	2.34	1.28	0.495
	7	4.29	94.84	47.62	14.78	9.50	2.36	1.01	0.374
	12	4.27	94.25	47.56	15.17	9.42	1.99	0.81	0.327
SC	0	5.98	94.84	46.01	14.01	10.72	3.48	1.31	0.610
	2	5.50	94.59	45.99	15.72	9.98	2.92	1.10	0.440
	7	5.40	93.76	48.81	16.19	9.74	2.80	1.11	0.396
	12	4.46	94.26	49.16	16.11	9.54	2.46	0.80	0.354
LA + SC	0	6.04	94.40	46.14	14.05	10.66	3.50	1.32	0.607
	2	4.96	92.60	50.38	15.19	10.04	2.90	1.22	0.466
	7	4.52	94.22	51.37	15.62	9.66	2.35	0.81	0.323
	12	4.19	93.26	52.84	15.85	9.55	2.09	0.74	0.296
Main effects
Microorganism
LA		4.76^b	94.80	46.80^b	14.60	9.8513	2.55	1.11	0.451
SC		5.33^a	94.36	47.49^b	15.51	9.9963	2.91	1.08	0.450
LA + SC		4.92^ab	93.62	50.18^a	15.18	9.9775	2.71	1.02	0.421
SEM		0.122	0.496	0.639	0.346	0.274	0.145	0.055	0.026
Day
0		6.01^a	94.88	46.09^b	14.00^b	10.73^a	3.50^a	1.32^a	0.609^a
2		4.97^b	93.97	47.52^ab	15.14^ab	9.90^ab	2.72^b	1.20^ab	0.467^b
7		4.74^bc	94.27	49.27^a	15.53^ab	9.64^ab	2.50^b	0.98^bc	0.365^bc
12		4.31^c	93.92	49.85^a	15.71^a	9.51^b	2.18^b	0.78^c	0.324^c
SEM		0.141	0.573	0.738	0.400	0.316	0.168	0.063	0.030
Probabilities, p≤
Microorganism		0.0065	0.2461	0.0016	0.1922	0.9207	0.2265	0.5778	0.6992
Day		0.0001	0.6231	0.0030	0.0212	0.0430	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001
Micro × Day		0.1866	0.9375	0.5045	0.9782	0.9996	0.8757	0.631	0.9632

^a,bMeans with no common superscripts within the column of each classification are significantly (p < .05) different, and each value represents the mean of four replicates.

LA: Lactobacillus acidophilus; SC: Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Table 2. Amino acid profile of Sesame meal before and after fermentation by combination of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae after 12 days.

Amino acids, %	RSM	FSM	SEM	p Value
Methionine	1.03	1.17	0.056	.2470
Cysteine	0.43^b	0.52^a	0.026	.0483
Lysine	0.85^b	1.11^a	0.064	.0097
Threonine	1.34	1.40	0.023	.2729
Isoleucine	1.88	1.96	0.038	.3476
Histidine	1.04	1.06	0.016	.4396
Valine	1.99^b	2.21^a	0.061	.0394
Leucine	2.99^b	3.89^a	0.205	.0006
Arginine	4.77^b	5.19^a	0.103	.0078
Phenyl-alanine	1.86^b	1.94^a	0.020	.0210
Tyrosine	1.47^b	1.84^a	0.085	.0018
Tryptophan	0.76	0.78	0.024	.7687
Alanine	1.99^b	2.24^a	0.063	.0189
Aspartate	3.55^b	4.21^a	0.148	.0001
Glutamate	8.54^b	10.37^a	0.451	.0116
Glycine	2.06^b	2.51^a	0.117	.0260
Proline	1.37^b	1.57^a	0.049	.0179
Serine	1.76	1.77	0.056	.8530
Total	39.73^b	45.82^a	1.366	.0001

^a,bMeans with no common superscripts within the column of each classification are significantly (p <.05) different, and each value represents the mean of four replicates.

RSM: raw sesame meal; FSM: fermented sesame meal.

Table 3. Composition and calculated analysis of the different experimental diets.

Items	Starter (1–10 days)					Grower (11–24 days)					Finisher (25–42 days)
	SBM	RSM15	RSM25	FSM15	FSM25	SBM	RSM15	RSM25	FSM15	FSM25	SBM	RSM15	RSM25	FSM15	FSM25
Ingredients, %
Corn	54.58	54.23	52.12	54.13	52.73	57.52	60.45	52.04	60.36	58.21	62.17	64.87	65.39	67.25	65.95
Soybean meal (CP: 44%)	39.31	22.76	11.52	19.58	7.54	35.89	19.70	7.76	16.53	3.20	30.95	14.74	4.03	11.83	0.00
Sesame meal (fermentation)	0	0	0	15.00	25.00	0	0	0	15.00	25.00	0	0	0	15.00	25.00
Sesame meal	0	15.00	25.00	0	0	0	15.00	25.00	0	0	0	15.00	25.00	0	0
Wheat bran	0.30	3.22	6.71	6.53	8.00	0.3	0.52	9.24	3.80	9.41	0.30	0.70	1.31	1.96	2.83
Soybean oil	1.09	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30	2.02	0.30	2.08	0.3	0.30	2.65	1.00	0.30	0.30	0.30
Dicalcium phosphate	1.78	1.64	1.53	1.19	0.86	1.55	1.45	1.28	1.0	0.60	1.34	1.23	0.69	0.81	0.48
Monocalcium phosphate	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.40	0	0
Potassium carbonate	0.01	0.05	0.10	0.10	0.20	0.01	0.05	0.1	0.10	0.2	0.05	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2
Calcium carbonate	1.10	0.47	0.06	0.78	0.55	1.03	0.39	0.00	0.70	0.50	0.96	0.32	0.00	0.63	0.39
Sodium bicarbonate	0.05	0.15	0.20	0.10	0.20	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.10	0.2	0.10	0.1	0.2	0.15	0.2
Salt	0.36	0.29	0.25	0.32	0.14	0.30	0.30	0.24	0.30	0.23	0.28	0.28	0.24	0.25	0.09
dl-Methionine	0.31	0.31	0.31	0.30	0.30	0.26	0.26	0.26	0.25	0.25	0.23	0.22	0.22	0.21	0.22
Lys-HCl	0.22	0.61	0.87	0.65	0.92	0.15	0.54	0.81	0.58	0.87	0.14	0.53	0.79	0.57	0.83
L-Thr	0.09	0.17	0.23	0.21	0.28	0.06	0.14	0.2	0.17	0.25	0.04	0.11	0.17	0.14	0.21
Mineral and Vitamin premix^1	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.50	0.5	0.50	0.5
Filler	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.31	2.48	0.31	0.30	0.29	0.31	0.28	0.29	0.30	0.66	0.30	2.80
PHX (FTU/Kg)^2	0	500	500	0	0	0	500	500	0	0	0	500	500	0	0
Calculated analysis
Crude protein, %	21.85	21.85	21.85	21.85	21.85	20.46	20.46	20.46	20.46	20.46	18.59	18.59	18.59	18.59	18.59
Metabolizable Energy, kcal/kg	2850	2850	2850	2850	2850	2950	2950	2950	2950	2950	3050	3050	3050	3050	3050
Lys, %	1.37	1.37	1.37	1.37	1.37	1.23	1.23	1.23	1.23	1.23	1.10	1.10	1.10	1.10	1.10
Met, %	0.66	0.70	0.73	0.70	0.73	0.60	0.64	0.67	0.64	0.67	0.54	0.58	0.61	0.58	0.61
Met + Cys, %	1.03	1.03	1.03	1.03	1.03	0.94	0.94	0.94	0.94	0.94	0.86	0.86	0.86	0.86	0.86
Thr, %	0.92	0.92	0.92	0.92	0.92	0.84	0.84	0.84	0.84	0.84	0.74	0.74	0.74	0.74	0.74
Ca, %	0.91	0.91	0.91	0.91	0.91	0.83	0.83	0.83	0.83	0.83	0.74	0.74	0.74	0.74	0.74
Available P, %	0.46	0.46	0.46	0.46	0.46	0.41	0.41	0.41	0.41	0.41	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37

¹Supplied per kg diet: vitamin A, 11,000 U; vitamin D3, 5000 U; vitamin E, 36.75 U; vitamin K3, 3.4 mg; vitamin B1,1.98 mg; vitamin B2, 5.25 mg; pantothenic acid, 10.5 mg; niacin, 31.5 mg; vitamin B6, 2.87 mg; folic acid, 1.2 mg; vitamin B12, 0.024 mg; biotin, 0.105 mg; choline, 800 mg; manganese, 120 mg; zinc, 100 mg; iron, 50 mg; copper, 12 mg; I, 1.3 mg; selenium, 0.3 mg; antioxidant, 100 mg.

²PHX: 5000 FTU phyzyme XP/g, since the diets containing RSM have the same formulation as RSM + PHX diets, to fit the table on the page they are not shown.

SBM: Soybean meal; FSM₂₅: 25% Fermented sesame meal; RSM₁₅: 15% Raw sesame meal.

Table 4. Effect of experimental treatments on the weight gain (g/bird), feed intake (g/bird), feed conversion ratio (g feed/g gain) in broilers.

Items	Treatments							SEM	p Value
	SBM	RSM15	RSM25	RSM15 + PHX	RSM25 + PHX	FSM15	FSM25
1–10 d
FI	266	259	246	253	247	259	257	2.27	.1978
BWG	221^a	179^bc	156^c	211^ab	205^ab	229^a	205^ab	4.84	.0001
FCR	1.20^b	1.46^ab	1.62^a	1.20^b	1.20^b	1.16^b	1.26^b	0.038	.0009
11–24 d
FI	1192	1170	1187	1177	1148	1190	1175	6.72	.6576
BWG	721^a	666^ab	622^b	726^a	698^ab	735^a	697^ab	8.57	.0009
FCR	1.66^b	1.76^ab	1.90^a	1.64^b	1.62^b	1.62^b	1.70^ab	0.024	.0062
25–42 d
FI	2481	2412	2442	2461	2393	2487	2481	12.64	.2936
BWG	1343^a	1228^ab	1111^b	1298^a	1249^ab	1316^a	1318^a	18.67	.0058
FCR	1.82^b	1.98^ab	2.20^a	1.88^ab	1.92^ab	1.90^ab	1.88^ab	0.032	.0241
1–42 d
FI	3939	3841	3875	3892	3787	3936	3913	19.42	.3508
BWG	2285^a	2074^ab	1889^b	2235^a	2151^ab	2281^a	2220^a	30.37	.0006
FCR	1.72^b	1.87^ab	2.06^a	1.75^b	1.76^b	1.73^b	1.77^b	0.029	.0073

^a,bMeans with no common superscripts within the column of each classification are significantly (p < .05) different, and each value represents the mean of five replicates.

SBM: Soybean meal; FSM₂₅: 25 % Fermented sesame meal; RSM₁₅: 15 % Raw sesame meal; PHX: Phyzyme XP (5000 FTU/g); BWG: Body Weight Gain; FI: Feed Intake; FCR: Feed conversion ratios.

Table 5. Effect of dietary treatments on faecal dry matter, crude protein and Phosphorus digestibility and digestive enzyme activity of intestinal digesta of broilers at 42 days of age.

Treatments	Dry matter	Protein	Phosphorus	Amylase, U/g	Protease, U/mg
SBM	0.89	0.74	0.60^a	15.90	66.62
RSM15	0.89	0.72	0.44^ab	15.30	64.25
RSM25	0.87	0.73	0.36^b	15.08	63.51
RSM15+PHX	0.87	0.73	0.55^a	15.47	64.81
RSM25+PHX	0.88	0.74	0.58^a	15.30	65.00
FSM15	0.89	0.72	0.58^a	16.08	64.48
FSM25	0.89	0.74	0.56^a	16.41	65.41
SEM	0.004	0.006	0.019	0.365	0.522
p Value	.637	.882	.002	.967	.835

^a,bMeans with no common superscripts within the column of each classification are significantly (p < .05) different, and each value represents the mean of five replicates.

SBM: Soybean meal; FSM₂₅: 25% Fermented sesame meal; RSM₁₅: 15% Raw sesame meal; PHX: Phyzyme XP (5000 FTU/g).

Table 6. Effect of experimental treatment on the relative weight of digestive and Lymphoid organs and Carcase [(g/kg body weight) × 100] of broilers.

Treatment	Carcase, %				Digestive organs, %								Lymphoid organs, %
	Carcase	Thigh	Breast	Ab-fat	Gizzard	Liver	Pancreas	Intestinal	Duodenum	Jejunum	Ileum	Caeca	Thymus	Bursa	Spleen
SBM	65.66^ab	22.60	26.33^ab	1.47	1.40	2.57	0.29	2.75	0.63	1.09	1.02	0.20	0.19	0.18	0.15
RSM15	64.24^ab	21.03	26.36^ab	1.65	1.28	2.77	0.31	2.89	0.62	1.19	1.09	0.22	0.18	0.18	0.16
RSM25	60.66^b	22.71	23.38^b	1.55	1.36	2.64	0.33	2.90	0.65	1.16	1.13	0.24	0.17	0.18	0.15
RSM15+PHX	67.98^a	23.71	28.51^a	1.61	1.41	2.59	0.32	2.87	0.65	1.17	1.05	0.22	0.19	0.19	0.16
RSM25+PHX	67.71^a	23.06	27.80^a	1.45	1.37	2.79	0.28	2.82	0.64	1.17	1.01	0.20	0.18	0.18	0.16
FSM15	67.71^a	22.86	27.33^a	1.38	1.36	2.80	0.29	2.76	0.64	1.14	0.99	0.21	0.17	0.18	0.16
FSM25	68.05^a	22.87	27.08^ab	1.32	1.43	2.80	0.27	2.79	0.60	1.17	1.02	0.21	0.17	0.17	0.15
SEM	0.566	0.291	0.377	0.025	0.025	0.045	0.008	0.031	0.013	0.015	0.015	0.004	0.003	0.002	0.002
p Value	.0009	.3509	.0073	.0717	.7936	.6163	.3426	.7918	.9573	.7148	.1713	.2405	.7956	.7283	.9288

^a–bMeans with no common superscripts within the column of each classification are significantly (p < .05) different, and each value represents the mean of five replicates.

SBM: soybean meal; FSM25: 25% fermented sesame meal; RSM15: 15% raw sesame meal; PHX: Phyzyme XP (5000 FTU/g).

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, Majid Mottaghitalab, upon reasonable request.