Mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) stem residue on growth performance, meat quality, antioxidant status and lipid metabolism of broilers

Figures & data

Table 1. Ingredients and nutrient composition of the experimental diets (% as fed)

Items	Starter (1-21day)			Finisher (22-42day)
	CON	1%MSR	2%MSR	CON	1%MSR	2% MSR
Corn	59.46	58.56	57.66	65.04	64.25	62.72
Soybean meal	28.83	28.73	27.53	23.18	23.07	22.70
Soybean oil	3.0	3.0	3.30	3.40	3.40	4.0
Corn gluten meal	2.50	2.50	3.30	3.0	3.0	3.30
Fish meal	2.50	2.50	2.50	2.0	2.0	2.0
MSR^1	^-	1.0	2.0	–	1.0	2.0
Di-calcium phosphate^2	1.50	1.50	1.50	1.04	1.04	1.04
Limestone	1.25	1.25	1.25	1.34	1.34	1.34
Premix^3	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50
Salt	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.20	0.20
Methionine^2 (98%)	0.13	0.13	0.13	0.08	0.08	0.08
Lysine-L^2 (98%)	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.09	0.09	0.09
Threonine^2 (98%)	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.03	0.03	0.03
Total	100	100	100	100	100	100
Chemical analysis (%)
Dry matter	88.05	87.77	88.01	87.96	87.46	87.68
Crude protein	21.01	21.0	21.03	19.02	19.03	19.02
Ether extract	5.65	5.66	5.93	6.13	6.13	6.70
Crude fiber	2.81	3.01	3.17	2.56	2.76	2.95
Calcium	1.01	1.2	1.01	0.90	0.91	0.91
Phosphorus	0.46	0.44	0.44	0.35	0.34	0.35
Calculated analysis
Metabolizable energy (MJ kg^-1)	12.7	12.7	12.7	13.1	13.1	13.1
Lysine (%)	1.10	1.10	1.10	1.0	0.99	1.0
Threonine (%)	0.80	0.80	0.80	0.73	0.73	0.73
Methionine (%)	0.50	0.49	0.49	0.38	0.39	0.40
Cystine (%)	0.32	0.31	0.32	0.28	0.28	0.29
Tryptophan (%)	0.28	0.28	0.28	0.24	0.24	0.24

¹MSR=Flammulina velutipes mushroom stem residue.

²Commercial available source.

³Supplied per kilogram of diet: vitamin A (trans-retinyl acetate), 10,050 IU; vitamin D3, 2,800 IU; vitamin E (DL-a-tocopheryl acetate), 50 mg; vitamin K3, 3.5 mg; thiamine, 2.5 mg; riboflavin, 7.5 mg; pantothenic acid,15.3 mg; pyridoxine, 4.3 mg; vitamin B12(cyanocobalamin), 0.02 mg; niacin, 35 mg; choline chloride, 1,000 mg; biotin, 0.20 mg; folic acid, 1.2 mg; Mn, 100 mg; Fe, 85 mg; Zn, 60 mg; Cu, 9.6 mg; I, 0.30 mg; Co, 0.20 mg; and Se, 0.20 mg. CON: control

Table 2. Chemical compositions of F. velutipes mushroom stem residue (% DM)^a.

Items	Value
Proximate components (%)
Dry matter	84.26
Crude protein (CP, N × 6.25)	13.33
Crude fibre (CF)	21.62
Ether extract (EE)	1.73
Ash (total minerals)	8.72
Organic matter (OM)	91.30
Nitrogen free extract (NFE)	50.78
Calcium	0.38
Phosphorus	0.88
Energy (MJ/kg)	15.35
Amino acid components (g/kg)
Aspartic acid	10.5
Threonine	5.3
Serine	5.0
Glutamic acid	20.8
Proline	5.6
Glycine	4.9
Alanine	7.4
Valine	5.5
Isoleucine	4.9
Leucine	7.3
Tyrosine	5.3
Phenylalanine	5.7
Histidine	2.0
Lysine	7.8
Arginine	4.8
Cystine	1.4
Methionine	1.8
Tryptophan	1.5
Active ingredients
β-glucan(g kg^-1)	1.85
Total phenolic content (mg, GAE g^−1)	6.88

^aValues are expressed as the mean value (n = 3). MSR: Flammulina velutipes mushroom stem residue; DM: dry matter.

Table 3. Effect of F. velutipes mushroom stem residue (MSR) on performance in broilers^a.

					p Value
Items	CON	1%MSR	2%MSR	SEM	T	L	Q
Feed consumption (g/day)
1–21 days	38.16	37.62	37.44	0.56	.578	.771	.928
22–42 days	103.32	107.85	109.51	2.33	.293	.083	.081
1–42 days	70.74	72.74	73.48	1.36	.133	.158	.118
Body weight gain (g/day)
1–21 days	28.57	28.85	28.75	0.42	.873	.511	.397
22–42 days	57.21	61.38	62.77	2.13	.196	.121	.324
1–42 days	42.89	45.12	45.76	1.19	.136	.178	.124
Feed conversion ratio, FCR (g/g)
0–21 days	1.33	1.30	1.30	0.02	.84	.754	.700
22–42 days	1.81	1.76	1.74	0.07	.307	.212	.215
1–42 days	1.64	1.61	1.61	0.02	.446	.320	.348
Initial body weight (g)	43.02	43.19	43.23	0.16	.672	.581	.777
Final body weight (g)	1805	1898	1924	52.45	.138	.187	.312

^aData represented the mean value of 56 broilers per treatment. CON: control; MW: Flammulina velutipes mushroom stem residue.

SEM: pooled standard error of the means. T: overall effect of treatment; L: linear effect of increasing MSR; Q: quadratic effect of increasing MSR (1% and 2% diet).

Table 4. Effect of F. velutipes mushroom stem residue (MSR) on inner organ weight (% live weight) in broilers on day 42¹.

					p Value
Items	CON	1%MSR	2%MSR	SEM	T	L	Q
Heart	0.40	0.45	0.44	0.01	.130	.135	.512
Liver	1.78	1.75	1.81	0.07	.882	.894	.0961
Kidney	0.45	0.53	0.53	0.03	.221	.159	.314
Pancreas	0.17	0.21	0.20	0.01	.140	.145	.427
Lung	0.59	0.54	0.54	0.03	.310	.935	.487
Thymus	0.19	0.22	0.29	0.02	.431	.121	.228
Bursa	0.21^b	0.23^a	0.24^a	0.02	.120	.024	.449
Spleen	0.11	0.10	0.11	0.01	.941	.831	.977
Intestine	2.69	2.39	2.47	0.09	.080	.668	.135

¹Data represented the mean value of 7 broilers per treatment. CON: control; MSR: Flammulina velutipes mushroom stem residue.

SEM: pooled standard error of the means; T: overall effect of treatment; L: linear effect of increasing MSR; Q: quadratic effect of increasing MSR (1% and 2% diet). a,b, – means in the same row with different letters are significantly different at p < .05.

Table 5. Effect of F. velutipes mushroom stem residue (MSR) on meat quality in broilers on day 42^a.

					p Value
Items	CON	1%MSR	2%MSR	SEM	T	L	Q
Breast muscle
pH-45 min	6.21	6.00	6.04	0.06	.536	.190	.387
pH-24 hour	5.43	5.43	5.44	0.02	.182	.683	.451
Drip loss (%)	3.14	2.95	3.09	0.19	.80	.960	.624
Color^b
L*	49.9	48.1	50.3	0.49	.452	.921	.574
a*	14.85	15.22	14.66	0.39	.948	.974	.989
b*	13.42	12.58	14.87	0.63	.564	.453	.358
Thigh muscle
pH-45 min	6.11	6.06	6.01	0.04	.649	.315	.515
pH^H-24 hour	5.91	5.59	5.73	0.05	.168	.145	.089
Drip loss (%)	2.39	2.36	2.36	0.20	.385	0.697	.558
Color^b
L*	53.91	54.74	52.87	0.76	.879	.724	.763
a*	18.43	19.29	18.98	0.544	.601	.465	.718
b*	14.09	16.90	13.70	0.571	.198	.885	.214

^aData represented the mean value of 7 samples per treatment. CON: control; MSR: Flammulina velutipes mushroom stem residue; SEM: pooled standard error of the means; T: overall effect of treatment; L: linear effect of increasing MSR; Q: quadratic effect of increasing MSR (1% and 2% diet).

^bL*, lightness; a*, redness; b*, yellowness.

Table 6. Effect of F. velutipes mushroom stem residue (MSR) on serum antioxidant status in broilers¹.

					p value
Items	CON	1%MSR	2%MSR	SEM	T	L	Q
Day 21
T-AOC (U/mL）	2.38	2.38	2.48	0.03	.498	.277	.313
SOD (U/mL）	41.05^b	50.61^a	51.13^a	1.60	.023	.008	.032
GSH-PX (U/ml）	18.56^b	23.29^a	25.76^a	1.09	.001	.001	.001
CAT (U/mL）	12.58^b	14.63^ab	16.48^a	0.83	.043	.010	.015
MDA (nmol/mL)	1.59^a	1.25^b	1.21^b	0.06	.001	.001	.001
Day 42
T-AOC (U/mL）	1.39	1.40	1.45	0.02	.677	.304	.475
SOD (U/mL）	42.74^b	47.33^ab	53.72^a	1.87	.006	.003	.002
GSH-PX (U/mL）	24.09^b	26.95^ab	29.91^a	1.04	.017	.010	.013
CAT (U/ml）	6.67^b	11.61^a	12.27^a	0.78	.021	.010	.021
MDA (nmol/mL)	1.33^a	1.22^b	1.16^b	0.10	.008	.035	.019

¹Data represented the mean value of 7 samples per treatment. CON: control; MSR: Flammulina velutipes mushroom stem residue; T-AOC: total antioxidant capacity; SOD: superoxide dismutase; GSH-PX: glutathione peroxidase; CAT: catalase; MDA: malondialdehyde.

SEM: pooled standard error of the means. T, overall effect of treatment; L, linear effect of increasing MSR; Q, quadratic effect of increasing MSR (1% and 2% diet). a,b, – means in the same row with different letters are significantly different at p < .05.

Table 7. Effect of F. velutipes mushroom residue (MSR) on muscle tissue antioxidant status in broilers on day 42¹.

					p value
Items	CON	1%MSR	2%MSR	SEM	T	L	Q
Thigh muscle
T-AOC (U/mL）	12.60	14.12	13.48	0.41	.443	.128	.314
SOD (U/mL）	59.53^b	69.66^a	65.53^a	1.97	.013	.011	.041
GSH-PX (U/ml）	10.70^b	12.20^a	12.24^a	0.42	.015	.005	.013
CAT (U/mL）	11.28^b	13.33^a	13.38^a	0.44	.046	.005	.020
MDA (nmol/ml)	1.65^a	1.39^b	1.41^b	0.07	.005	.001	.002
Breast muscle
T-AOC (U/mL）	10.12^b	12.54^ab	13.88^a	0.44	.005	.186	.001
SOD (U/mL）	55.66^b	58.23^a	63.04^a	1.79	.004	.013	.002
GSH-PX (U/mL）	10.58^b	12.35^a	12.15^a	0.53	.006	.034	.027
CAT (U/mL）	10.87^b	11.81^a	12.44^a	0.57	.047	.034	.038
MDA (nmol/mL)	1.36^a	1.28^b	1.17^b	0.06	.005	.002	.002

¹Data represented the mean value of 7 samples per treatment. CON: control; MSR: Flammulina velutipes mushroom stem residue; T-AOC: total antioxidant capacity; SOD: superoxide dismutase; GSH-PX: glutathione peroxidase; CAT: catalase; MDA: malondialdehyde.

SEM: pooled standard error of the means; T: overall effect of treatment; L: linear effect of increasing MSR; Q: quadratic effect of increasing MSR (1% and 2% diet). a,b, – means in the same row with different letters are significantly different at p < .05.

Table 8. Effect of F. velutipes mushroom residue (MSR) on liver tissue antioxidant status in broilers¹.

					p value
Items	CON	1%MSR	2%MSR	SEM	T	L	Q
Day 21
T-AOC (U/mL）	13.72	16.72	15.07	0.95	.148	.069	.190
SOD (U/mL）	38.13^b	46.94^ab	59.57^a	2.93	.036	.012	.033
GSH-PX (U/ml）	0.30^b	0.32^ab	0.43^a	0.03	.040	.026	.016
CAT (U/mL）	31.12^b	41.58^ab	50.42^a	2.18	.008	.006	.026
MDA (nmol/ml)	4.01^a	2.19^b	2.04^b	0.32	.048	.013	.041
Day 42
T-AOC (U/mL）	5.69	6.22	6.48	0.38	.916	.470	.773
SOD (U/mL）	31.36^b	35.45^ab	38.93^a	1.08	.038	.003	.013
GSH-PX (U/ml）	0.17^b	0.22^a	0.23^a	0.02	.032	.019	.045
CAT (U/mL）	9.03^b	16.29^a	20.01^a	1.75	.040	.005	.018
MDA (nmol/mL)	2.80^a	1.22^b	0.93^b	0.19	.040	.008	.035

¹Data represented the mean value of 7 samples per treatment. CON: control; MSR: Flammulina velutipes mushroom stem residue; T-AOC: total antioxidant capacity; SOD: superoxide dismutase; GSH-PX: glutathione peroxidase; CAT: catalase; MDA: malondialdehyde.

SEM: pooled standard error of the means; T: overall effect of treatment; L: linear effect of increasing MSR; Q: quadratic effect of increasing MSR (1% and 2% diet). a,b, – means in the same row with different letters are significantly different at p < .05.

Table 9. Effect of F. velutipes mushroom stem residue (MSR) on liver tissue lipid status in broilers¹.

						p-value
Items	CON	1%MSR	2%MSR		SEM	T	L	Q
Day 21
TC (mmol/g)	1.24^a	0.90^ab	0.77^b	0.08		.048	.007	.026
TG (mmol/g)	1.16^a	0.88^b	0.62^b	0.11		.047	.017	.035
Day 42
TC (mmol/g)	0.73^a	0.59^ab	0.52^b	0.03		.030	.003	.013
TG (mmol/g)	0.82^a	0.63^b	0.60^b	0.04		.007	.004	.016

¹Data represented the mean value of 7 samples per treatment. CON: control; MSR: Flammulina velutipes mushroom stem residue; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride.

SEM-pooled standard error of the means; T: overall effect of treatment; L: linear effect of increasing MSR; Q, quadratic effect of increasing MSR (1% and 2% diet). a,b, – means in the same row with different letters are significantly different at p < .05.