Impact of dietary cold-pressed chia oil on growth, blood chemistry, haematology, immunity and antioxidant status of growing Japanese quail

Figures & data

Table 1. Ingredients and nutrient contents of basal diet (as-fed basis) for growing Japanese quail.

Items	(g/kg)
Ingredient
Maize 8.5%	518.0
Soybean meal 44%	367.0
Maize gluten meal 62%	52.1
Soybean oil	29.0
Limestone	7.0
Di-calcium phosphate	16.5
Salt	3.0
Premix^a	3.0
L-Lysine	1.3
Dl-Methionine	1.1
Choline chloride	2.0
Total	1000
Calculated composition
Metabolisable energy (MJ/kg)	12.53
Crude protein (g/kg)	240.0
Calcium (g/kg)	8.0
Nonphytate phosphorus (g/kg)	4.5
Lysine (g/kg)	13.0
Total sulphur amino acids (g/kg)	9.2

^aProvides per kg of diet: Vitamin A, 12,000 U.; Vitamin D3, 5000 U.; Vitamin E, 130.0 mg; Vitamin K3, 3.605 mg; Vitamin B1 (thiamin), 3.0 mg; Vitamin B2 (riboflavin), 8.0 mg; Vitamin B6, 4.950 mg; Vitamin B12, 17.0 mg; Niacin, 60.0 mg; D-Biotin, 200.0 mg; Calcium D-pantothenate, 18.333 mg; Folic acid, 2.083 mg; manganese, 100.0 mg; iron, 80.0 mg; zinc, 80.0 mg; copper, 8.0 mg; iodine, 2.0 mg; cobalt, 500.0 mg; and selenium, 150.0 mg.

Table 2. Effect of dietary supplementation on the growth performance of growing Japanese quail.

Item	Chia oil level (g/kg diet)					SEM	p Value
	0	0.4	0.8	1.2	1.6
Body weight (g)
1 week	30.11	30.11	30.09	30.04	30.04	0.15	0.998
3 weeks	102.22^c	117.44^a	106.67^b	103.89^bc	101.22^c	0.70	<.001
5 weeks	186.13^b	202.89^a	190.78^b	199.78^a	199.33^a	1.05	<.001
Body weight gain (g)
1–3 weeks	5.15^c	6.24^a	5.47^b	5.27^bc	5.08^c	0.09	<.001
3–5 weeks	5.99^b	6.10^b	6.01^b	6.85^a	7.01^a	0.15	.004
1–5 weeks	5.57^b	6.17^a	5.74^b	6.06^a	6.05^a	0.01	<.001
Feed intake (g)
1–3 weeks	15.34^a	12.33^c	13.75^b	12.40^c	13.62^b	0.12	<.001
3–5 weeks	22.83	21.09	21.96	22.28	22.28	0.42	.390
1–5 weeks	19.09^a	16.71^c	17.85^b	17.34^bc	17.95^b	0.22	.005
Feed conversion ratio (g feed/ g gain)
1–3 weeks	2.98^a	1.98^e	2.51^c	2.35^d	2.68^b	0.07	<.001
3–5 weeks	3.81^a	3.46^ab	3.67^a	3.25^b	3.18^b	0.10	.011
1–5 weeks	3.43^a	2.71^d	3.11^b	2.86^cd	2.97^bc	0.05	<.001

Means in the same row with no superscript letters after them or with a common superscript letter are not significantly different (p<.05).

Table 3. Effect of dietary supplementation on carcase traits and relative organ weights of growing Japanese quail.

Item	Chia oil level (g/kg diet)					SEM	p Value
	0	0.4	0.8	1.2	1.6
Carcase %	73.87	72.26	76.63	67.62	76.59	2.01	.071
Dressing %	79.35	77.93	82.03	73.77	82.12	1.88	.050
Liver %	2.67	3.00	2.72	3.53	2.54	0.55	.547
Gizzard %	2.03	1.79	1.81	1.78	2.08	0.17	.819
Heart %	0.78	0.87	0.87	0.84	0.91	0.09	.263
Intestine %	3.91	3.96	4.75	5.31	4.53	0.22	.787
Giblets %	5.48	5.67	5.40	6.15	5.53	0.24	.787

Means in the same row with no superscript letters after them or with a common superscript letter are not significantly different (p<.05).

Table 4. Effect of dietary supplementation on haematological parameters of growing Japanese quail.

Item	Chia oil level (g/kg diet)					SEM	p Value
	0	0.4	0.8	1.2	1.6
WBCs (10^3/μL)	19.30^c	20.89^c	20.68^c	27.34^b	31.51^a	1.25	<.001
LYM (%)	92.52	90.72	93.11	92.75	92.90	1.60	.771
MID (%)	6.88	8.44	6.28	6.96	7.27	0.55	.275
GRA (%)	0.61	0.84	0.57	0.66	0.73	0.11	.571
RBCs (10^6/μL)	1.15^b	2.02^a	1.96^a	2.35^a	1.85^a	0.15	.007
HGB (g/dL)	10.97^b	14.93^a	14.70^a	15.80^a	13.50^ab	0.70	.017
HCT (%)	11.10^c	18.40^ab	16.20^b	21.50^a	18.17^ab	1.30	.005
MCV (µm^3)	96.53	91.63	93.30	96.43	97.83	1.25	.123
MCH (pg)	99.20	99.17	105.17	81.37	74.47	5.50	.839
PLT (10^3/μL)	70.33	33.33	30.33	32.33	115.00	12.01	.499

Means in the same row with no superscript letters after them or with a common superscript letter are not significantly different (p < .05).

WBCs: white blood cells; LYM: lymphocytes; MID: mid-range; GRA: granulocytes; RBCs: red blood cells; HGB: haemoglobin; HCT: haematocrit; MCV: mean corpuscular volume; MCH: mean corpuscular haemoglobin; PLT: platelet count.

Table 5. Effect of dietary supplementation on liver and kidney functions of growing Japanese quail.

Item	Chia oil level (g/kg diet)					SEM	p Value
	0	0.4	0.8	1.2	1.6
TP (g/dL)	2.49	2.85	2.50	2.45	2.82	0.18	.582
ALB (g/dL)	1.20^a	1.08^b	1.13^b	1.22^a	1.20^a	0.04	.025
GLOB (g/dL)	1.29	1.77	1.37	1.23	1.62	0.15	.464
A/G (%)	0.93	0.63	0.80	1.03	0.75	0.16	.471
AST (IU/L)	278	246	226	232	264	16.50	.468
ALT (IU/L)	10.23^b	14.27^a	14.77^a	14.65^a	12.90^a	0.51	.010
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.28	0.37	0.32	0.41	0.32	0.04	.272
Urea (mg/dL)	1.26^c	1.15^c	1.59^b	1.94^a	1.36^bc	0.09	<.001

Means in the same row with no superscript letters after them or with a common superscript letter are not significantly different (p<.05).

TP: total protein; ALB: albumin GLOB: globulin; A/G: albumin/globulin ratio; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase.

Table 6. Effect of dietary supplementation on the lipid profile of growing Japanese quail.

Item	Chia oil level (g/kg diet)					SEM	p Value
	0	0.4	0.8	1.2	1.6
TC (mg/dL)	283.9^a	269.6^a	239.8^ab	189.2^b	243.1^ab	15.02	.044
TG (mg/dL)	122.34^bc	119.30^bc	98.74^c	145.01^ab	157.83^a	4.01	.001
HDL (mg/dL)	35.60	30.23	54.24	60.41	34.55	5.06	.066
LDL (mg/dL)	226.03^a	138.27^b	166.47^b	148.50^b	131.41^b	20.20	.012

Means in the same row with no superscript letters after them or with a common superscript letter are not significantly different (p<.05).

TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein.

Table 7. Effect of dietary supplementation on the antioxidant and immunological indices of growing Japanese quail.

Item	Chia oil level (g/kg diet)					SEM	p Value
	0	0.4	0.8	1.2	1.6
SOD (U/mL)	0.23	0.23	0.32	0.31	0.21	0.07	.466
MDA (nmol/mL)	0.15	0.65	0.17	0.54	0.47	0.11	.147
TAC (ng/mL)	0.20	0.18	0.29	0.26	0.17	0.05	.718
GSH (ng/mL)	0.24	0.23	0.32	0.29	0.19	0.04	.275
GPX (ng/mL)	0.24	0.19	0.31	0.26	0.18	0.05	.510
C3 (mg/dL)	18.33	25.67	15.33	17.33	20.00	3.24	.510
IgG (mg/dL)	0.38	1.08	0.20	1.09	0.85	0.20	.456

Means in the same row with no superscript letters after them or with a common superscript letter are not significantly different (p<.05). SOD: superoxide dismutase; MDA: malondialdehyde; TAC: total antioxidant capacity; GSH: reduced glutathione; GPX: glutathione peroxidase; C3: complement 3; IgG: immunoglobulin G.