Evaluation of mushroom waste compost on broiler body composition, nutrient absorption and adipose metabolism

Figures & data

Table 1. Composition and calculated analysis (g/kg as fed) of the basal and experimental diet for broilers, starter diet (1–21 days) and finisher diet (22–35 days), respectively¹.

	Starter (1–21 days)				Finisher (22–35 days)
	Con	PWMC	FPW	PP	Con	PWMC	FPW	PP
Ingredients	g/kg
Yellow corn	520	452	458	456	572	536	537	537
Soybean meal (Crude protein 44.0%)	369	307	303	305	247	237	234	236
Full fat soybean meal	0.00	80.0	80.0	80.0	50.0	48.9	49.0	49.0
Soybean oil	40.6	40.8	39.9	38.5	41.4	38.5	39.3	37.7
Fish meal (Crude protein 65.0%)	30.0	30.0	30.0	30.0	50.0	50.0	50.0	50.0
Monocalcium phosphate	11.2	11.2	11.2	11.2	11.2	11.2	11.2	11.2
Calcium carbonate	16.5	16.5	16.5	16.5	16.5	16.5	16.5	16.5
NaCl	3.90	3.90	3.90	3.90	3.90	3.90	3.90	3.90
DL-Methionine	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00
L-Lysine-HCl	3.70	3.70	3.70	3.70	3.70	3.70	3.70	3.70
Choline-Cl	0.80	0.80	0.80	0.80	0.80	0.80	0.80	0.80
Vitamin premix^2	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Mineral premix^3	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
PWMC	0.00	50.0	0.00	0.00	0.00	50.0	0.00	0.00
FPW	0.00	0.00	50.0	0.00	0.00	0.00	50.0	0.00
PP	0.00	0.00	0.00	50.0	0.00	0.00	0.00	50.0
Total	1000	1000	1000	1000	1000	1000	1000	1000
Calculated nutrient value
Dry matter (DM), %	88.1	88.7	88.6	88.4	88.3	90.6	90.4	90.2
Crude protein, %DM	23.0	23.0	23.0	23.0	21.0	21.0	21.0	21.0
Calcium, %DM	1.11	1.12	1.11	1.13	1.21	1.22	1.22	1.23
Total Phosphorus, %DM	0.680	0.720	0.720	0.690	0.720	0.760	0.760	0.720
Available Phosphorus, %DM	0.460	0.480	0.480	0.460	0.520	0.540	0.540	0.510
Methionine + Cystein, %DM	0.920	0.930	0.930	0.900	0.890	0.900	0.900	0.870
ME, kcal/kg DM	3050	3050	3050	3050	3175	3175	3175	3175
Chemical analysis value
Dry matter, %	88.7	89.2	89.8	88.5	89.3	89.1	90.3	90.2
Crude protein, %DM	23.1	23.1	23.0	23.0	21.0	21.0	21.0	21.0
Crude fat, %DM	6.85	7.94	7.86	7.88	7.96	7.66	7.73	7.72
Crude fibre, %DM	3.60	6.42	6.14	6.78	3.11	6.03	5.74	6.39

¹Con: basal diet, PWMC: Pennisetum purpureum schum No.2 waste mushroom compost, FPW: Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermented PWMC, PP: Pennisetum purpureum schum No.2.

²Vitamin (premix content per kg diet): vit. A, 15 000 U, vit. D3, 3000 U, vit. E, 30 mg, vit. K3, 4 mg, thiamine, 3 mg, riboflavin, 8 mg, pyridoxine, 5 mg, vitamin B12, 25 μg, Ca-pantothenate, 19 mg, niacin, 50 mg, folic acid, 1.5, mg, and biotin, 60 μg.

³Mineral (premix content per kg diet): Co (CoCO3), 0.255 mg, Cu (CuSO₄ 5H₂O), 10.8 mg, Fe (FeSO₄ H₂O), 90 mg, Mn (MnSO₄ H₂O), 90, mg, Zn (ZnO), 68.4 mg, Se (Na₂SeO₃), 0.18 mg.

Table 2. Broiler growth performances on different periods and different treatments¹.

	Experimental diets				SEM	p Value
	Con	PWMC	FPW	PP
1–21 days
Body weight, g/bird	925	937	955	906	26.0	.643
Weight gain, g/bird	880	889	906	859	26.0	.648
Feed consumption, g/bird	1197	1182	1196	1194	38.3	.989
FCR	1.36	1.33	1.32	1.39	0.02	.106
22–35 days
Body weight, g/bird	2019	2128	2080	1997	27.5	.050
Weight gain, g/bird	1090	1190	1125	1090	30.0	.134
Feed consumption, g/bird	2007	2167	2004	1962	74.5	.312
FCR	1.84	1.82	1.78	1.80	0.05	.897
1–35 days
Feed consumption, g/bird	3213	3036	2926	2884	29.8	.053
Weight gain, g/bird	1970	2079	2032	1948	115.5	.291
FCR	1.53	1.46	1.44	1.48	0.050	.098

¹Con: basal diet; PWMC: Pennisetum purpureum schum No.2 waste mushroom compost; FPW: Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermented PWMC; PP: Pennisetum purpureum schum No.2.

SEM: Standard error of means; FCR: Feed conversion rate.

Table 3. Effect of PWMC, FWP and PP replacement in diet on Carcase characteristic of 35-day-old broilers¹.

Items	Treatments
	Con	PWMC	FPW	PP	SEM	p Value
Live weight, g	2017^b	2127^a	2069^ab	1999^b	33.8	.035
Hot carcase, g	1662^b	1743^a	1697^ab	1634^b	28.3	.030
Dressing rate, %	82.4	82.0	80.9	81.8	0.78	.618
Abdominal fat	17.7^b	18.3^ab	19.0^a	18.0^ab	1.2	.603
Abdominal fat, %	0.88	0.86	0.92	0.90	0.08	.936
Subcutaneous fat (ScF) (mm),	3.6^a	2.6^b	2.7^b	2.8^b	0.23	.013
	Different carcase site percentage (% carcase)
Breast
Out	25.0	24.2	24.9	25.0	0.62	.740
In	4.2	4.3	4.1	4.3	0.14	.802
Leg
Whole	23.6	24.9	25.3	24.9	0.49	.092
Drumstick	11.5	11.8	12.2	12.1	0.22	.184
Thigh	12.3	13.1	13.1	12.9	0.37	.420
Wing
Whole	9.34	9.04	8.53	9.18	0.50	.680
Drumette	4.55	4.29	4.68	4.42	0.11	.146
Wingette	4.76	5.10	4.31	4.45	0.32	.366
Tip	1.20	1.15	1.17	1.58	0.22	.474

¹Con: basal diet, PWMC: Pennisetum purpureum schum No.2 waste mushroom compost, FPW: Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermented PWMC, PP: Pennisetum purpureum schum No.2.

^a,bMeans within the same rows without the same superscript letter are significantly different (p < .05).

SEM: Standard error of the mean.

Table 4. Effect of PWMC, FWP and PP replacement in diet on pH value and meat colour on broiler breast or thigh at 1-day post-slaughter¹.

Items	Treatments
	Con	PWMC	FPW	PP	SEM	p Value
Breast
pH	6.19	6.07	5.94	6.11	0.662	.101
L	48.2	50.0	46.9	45.0	2.20	.466
a	−1.87	−1.67	−1.75	−1.77	2.52	.955
b	4.35	4.28	2.92	4.00	1.01	.735
Thigh
pH	6.48	6.39	6.36	6.44	0.04	.141
L	40.6^bc	44.3^a	43.1^ab	39.7^c	1.00	.015
a	−1.42	−1.56	−1.54	−1.25	0.16	.525
b	2.52	3.05	2.37	3.40	0.40	.260

¹Con: basal diet, PWMC: Pennisetum purpureum schum No.2 waste mushroom compost, FPW: Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermented PWMC, PP: Pennisetum purpureum schum No.2.

^a,b,cMeans within the same rows without the same superscript letter are significantly different (p < .05).

SEM: Standard error of the mean.

Table 5. Effect of PWMC, FWP and PP replacement in diet on water holding capacities and shearing force of 35-day-old broiler breast¹.

	Treatments
Items	Con	PWMC	FPW	PP	SEM	p Value
Cooking loss, %	19.3	21.2	19.9	19.2	0.77	.256
Thawing loss, %	3.13	2.61	3.24	2.31	0.63	.699
Drip loss, %	1.11	1.30	1.05	1.12	0.15	.693
Shearing force, %	1693^c	3217^a	2402^b	1899^bc	196	<.001

¹Con: basal diet, PWMC: Pennisetum purpureum schum No.2 waste mushroom compost, FPW: Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermented PWMC, PP: Pennisetum purpureum schum No.2.

^a,b,cMeans within the same rows without the same superscript letter are significantly different (p < .05).

SEM: Standard error of the mean.

Table 6. Effect of PWMC, FWP and PP replacement in diet on serum characteristic of 35-day-old broiler¹.

Items	Treatments
	Con	PWMC	FPW	PP	SEM	p Value
MDA, μM	10.1	10.1	10.1	12.0	0.85	.344
Oxytocin, pg/mL	259^b	413^b	555^b	1022^a	89.2	.001
Adiponectin, ng/mL	5948^c	11779^a	8254^b	9730^ab	617	.001
Corticosterone, pg/mL	133.0	131.1	119.4	127.4	4.49	.223

¹Con: basal diet, PWMC: Pennisetum purpureum schum No.2 waste mushroom compost, FPW: Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermented PWMC, PP: Pennisetum purpureum schum No.2.

^a,b,cMeans within the same rows without the same superscript letter are significantly different (p < .05).

SEM: Standard error of the mean; MDA: Malondialdehyde.

Table 7. Effect of PWMC, FWP and PP replacement in diet on organoleptic evaluation of 35-day-old broilers breast¹.

Items	Treatments
	Con	PWMC	FPW	PP	SEM	p Value
Colour	6.75	6.86	6.84	6.77	0.11	.869
Odour	6.71	6.79	6.82	6.75	0.06	.644
Flavour	6.71	6.70	6.80	6.86	0.93	.586
Texture	6.46	6.59	6.73	6.71	0.12	.373
Total acceptance	6.59	6.71	6.75	6.77	0.10	.570

¹Con: basal diet, PWMC: Pennisetum purpureum schum No.2 waste mushroom compost, FPW: Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermented PWMC, PP: Pennisetum purpureum schum No.2.

SEM: Standard error of the mean.

Figure 1. Adipolysis and adipogenesis-related mRNA expression in liver (L) and abdominal fat (F) on 35-day-old broilers. (A, B) Potassium channel tetramerisation domain-containing 15 (KCTD15) and adiponectin express in liver and abdominal fat, respectively. (C, D) Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), ATP citrate synthase (ATPCL) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1) express in liver and abdominal fat, respectively. (E, F) Fatty acid synthase (FAS), fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins (CEBP) and 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-2 (AMPK-α2) express in liver and abdominal fat, respectively, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) express in abdominal fat. ^a,b,c,dMeans within the same rows without the same superscript letter are significantly different (p < .05).

Figure 2. Nutrient absorption-related mRNA expression in ileum (ILE) on 35-day-old broilers. Excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT 3), free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR 2), glucose transporter 2 (GLUT 2), sodium-dependent glucose cotransporters 1 (SGLT 1) and Peptide transporter 1 (PEPT 1). ^a,b,cMeans within the same rows without the same superscript letter are significantly different (p < .05).