Effect of Aspergillus japonicas culture filtrate on performance, carcase yield, digestive enzymes, intestinal microbiota and blood constituents of quail

Figures & data

Table 1. Ingredients and nutrient contents of basal diet of growing Japanese quail.

Items	(g/kg as-fed basis)
Ingredient
Maize 8.5%	518.0
Soybean meal 44%	367.0
Maize gluten meal 62%	52.1
Soybean oil	29.0
Limestone	7.0
Di-calcium phosphate	16.5
Salt	3.0
Premix^a	3.0
L-Lysine	1.3
Dl-Methionine	1.1
Choline chloride	2.0
Total	1000
Calculated composition^b
Metabolizable energy (MJ/kg)	12.53
Crude protein (g/kg)	240.0
Calcium (g/kg)	8.0
Nonphytate phosphorus (g/kg)	4.5
Lysine (g/kg)	13.0
Total sulphur amino acids (g/kg)	9.2

^aProvides per kg of diet: Vitamin A, 12,000 I.U; Vitamin D3, 5000 I.U; Vitamin E, 130.0 mg; Vitamin K3, 3.605 mg; Vitamin B1 (thiamin), 3.0 mg; Vitamin B2 (riboflavin), 8.0 mg; Vitamin B6, 4.950 mg; Vitamin B12, 17.0 mg; Niacin, 60.0 mg; D-Biotin, 200.0 mg; Calcium D-pantothenate, 18.333 mg; Folic acid, 2.083 mg; manganese, 100.0 mg; iron, 80.0 mg; zinc, 80.0 mg; copper, 8.0 mg; iodine, 2.0 mg; cobalt, 500.0 mg; and selenium, 150.0 mg.

^bAccording to NRC (1994).

Table 2. Growth performance of growing Japanese quail as affected by dietary treatments.

Item	Aspergillus japonicas culture filtrate (mL/kg diet)
	0	1	2	3	4	SEM	p Value
Body weight (g)
1 weeks	29.93	30.02	29.88	29.90	30.02	0.097	0.8072
3 weeks	97.13^b	108.56^a	106.85^a	108.35^a	96.10^b	1.296	<.0001
5 weeks	186.50^c	200.25^b	197.68^b	206.11^a	190.72^c	1.652	0.0001
Body weight gain (g/day)
1–3 weeks	4.80^b	5.61^a	5.50^a	5.60^a	4.72^b	0.088	<.0001
3–5 weeks	6.39^b	6.55^b	6.49^b	6.98^a	6.76^ab	0.101	0.0248
1–5 weeks	5.59^c	6.08^b	5.99^b	6.29^a	5.74^c	0.059	<.0001
Feed intake (g/day)
1–3 weeks	15.07^ab	15.50^a	12.94^c	13.66^bc	13.67^bc	0.421	0.0278
3–5 weeks	21.56	20.50	20.37	19.87	20.63	0.458	0.2828
1–5 weeks	18.31^a	18.00^ab	16.66^c	16.77^c	17.15^bc	0.317	0.0224
Feed conversion ratio (g feed/g gain)
1–3 weeks	3.14^a	2.76^b	2.36^c	2.44^c	2.90^ab	0.092	0.0016
3–5 weeks	3.37^a	3.13^b	3.14^b	2.85^c	3.05^bc	0.060	0.0030
1–5 weeks	3.27^a	2.96^bc	2.78^cd	2.67^d	2.99^b	0.057	0.0003

Means in the same raw with no superscript letters after them or with a common superscript letter following them are not significantly different (p < .05). SEM: standard error mean.

Table 3. Carcase traits and relative organs of growing Japanese quail as affected by dietary treatments.

	Aspergillus japonicas culture filtrate (mL/kg diet)
Item	0	1	2	3	4	SEM	p Value
Carcase (%)	67.37	73.07	70.36	71.11	72.25	3.169	0.7840
Liver (%)	3.25	3.28	2.97	3.70	3.43	0.421	0.8463
Gizzard (%)	2.28	2.46	2.86	2.71	2.48	0.374	0.8948
Heart (%)	1.46	0.93	0.80	1.03	1.05	0.186	0.4498
Giblets (%)	7.00	6.68	6.63	7.43	6.96	0.288	0.4125
Dressing (%)	74.37	79.74	76.99	78.54	79.22	3.105	0.7927

Means in the same raw with no superscript letters after them or with a common superscript letter following them are not significantly different (p < .05). SEM: standard error mean.

Table 4. Liver and kidney function of growing Japanese quail as affected by dietary treatments.

	Aspergillus japonicas culture filtrate (mL/kg diet)
Item^a	0	1	2	3	4	SEM	p value
TP (g/dL)	2.98	3.10	3.22	2.76	2.68	0.113	0.0665
ALB (g/dL)	1.42	1.39	1.41	1.31	1.21	0.061	0.2255
GLOB (g/dL)	1.56	1.71	1.81	1.45	1.47	0.076	0.0987
A/G (%)	0.91^a	0.81^b	0.77^b	0.90^a	0.82^b	0.015	0.0014
AST (IU/L)	177.61^a	137.70^c	157.15^b	103.89^d	109.15^d	3.938	<.0001
ALT (IU/L)	10.97^a	6.99^c	8.47^b	9.63^ab	9.21^b	0.422	0.0011
LDH (IU/L)	200.50^a	198.30^ab	189.50^ab	165.00^b	131.50^c	10.069	0.0038
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.29	0.32	0.23	0.32	0.29	0.018	0.0569
Urea (mg/dL)	7.29^a	7.18^a	5.79^b	6.62^a	6.74^a	0.229	0.0109

Means in the same raw with no superscript letters after them or with a common superscript letter following them are not significantly different (p < .05). SEM: standard error mean.

^aTP: total protein; ALB: albumin GLOB: globulin; A/G: albumin/globulin ratio; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase.

Table 5. Lipid profile, antioxidant and immunological indices of growing Japanese quail as affected by dietary treatments.

Item	Aspergillus japonicas culture filtrate (mL/kg diet)
	0	1	2	3	4	SEM	p value
Lipid profile
TC (mg/dL)	205.07	187.75	194.25	198.24	200.50	3.731	0.1011
TG (mg/dL)	254.35^a	211.50^bc	188.35^c	215.00^bc	231.00^ab	8.822	0.0123
HDL (mg/dL)	47.96^b	57.25^a	60.19^a	62.32^a	57.55^a	1.698	0.0070
LDL (mg/dL)	106.24^a	88.20^c	96.39^b	92.93^bc	96.75^b	2.242	0.0040
VLDL (mg/dL)	50.87^a	42.30^bc	37.67^c	43.00^bc	46.20^ab	1.764	0.0123
Immunity and antioxidants
IgM (mg/ dL)	0.48^b	1.05^a	0.99^a	0.51^b	0.49^b	0.051	0.0001
IgG (mg/ dL)	0.81^c	1.26^a	1.02^b	0.90^bc	0.83^bc	0.042	0.0022
IgA (mg/ dL)	0.59^c	1.13^a	0.86^b	0.55^c	0.55^c	0.056	0.0003
Lysozyme (U/mL)	0.11^b	0.21^a	0.20^a	0.15^b	0.11^b	0.012	0.0012
SOD (U/ml)	0.11^b	0.24^a	0.23^a	0.20^a	0.12^b	0.010	<.0001
MDA (nmol/mL)	0.40^a	0.24^b	0.26^b	0.37^a	0.38^a	0.014	0.0001
TAC (ng/mL)	0.10^b	0.20^a	0.21^a	0.22^a	0.11^b	0.018	0.0030
CAT (ng/ mL)	0.11^b	0.23^a	0.23^a	0.13^b	0.15^b	0.021	0.0095
GSH (ng/ mL)	0.12^b	0.25^a	0.24^a	0.14^b	0.12^b	0.014	0.0004

Means in the same raw with no superscript letters after them or with a common superscript letter following them are not significantly different (p < .05). SEM: standard error mean.

TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; VLDL: very low density lipoprotein; IgG, IgM and IgA: immunoglobulin G, M and A; SOD: superoxide dismutase; MDA: malondialdehyde; TAC: total antioxidant capacity; CAT: catalase; GSH: reduced glutathione.

Table 6. Digestive enzymes and Caecal bacterial count of growing Japanese quail as affected by dietary treatments.

Item	Aspergillus japonicas culture filtrate (mL/kg diet)					SEM	p Value
	0	1	2	3	4
Digestive enzymes (unit)
Protease	0.27^c	0.79^ab	0.99^a	0.70^b	0.31^c	0.055	<.0001
Amylase	4.63^d	17.38^a	11.00^bc	13.95^ab	7.25^cd	1.495	0.0017
Lipase	1.84^b	7.86^a	7.70^a	8.50^a	3.50^b	0.923	0.0028
Caecal bacterial count (Log CFU/g)
Total bacterial count	9.08^b	8.77^c	8.63^d	9.17^a	8.39^e	0.010	<.0001
Lactobacillus	7.16^d	7.64^b	7.46^c	8.79^a	7.16^d	0.029	<.0001
Coliform	4.76^a	4.16^bc	4.04^c	3.44^d	4.52^ab	0.086	0.0002
E. coli	4.42^a	4.12^b	4.03^b	2.26^d	3.42^c	0.050	<.0001
Salmonella	3.46^a	3.13^ab	3.12^ab	2.76^bc	2.36^c	0.117	0.0099

Means in the same raw with no superscript letters after them or with a common superscript letter following them are not significantly different (p < .05). SEM: standard error mean.