Efficacy of dietary supplementation of nanoparticles-chromium, chromium-methionine and zinc-proteinate, on performance of Japanese quail under physiological stress

Figures & data

Table 1. Ingredients and chemical analyses of the basal diet fed to quails under physiological stress.

Item
Ingredients (% as fed)
Maize	48.64
Soybean meal	45.00
Dicalcium phosphate	2.10
Limestone	1.90
Soybean oil	0.80
Salt	0.69
Vitamin premix^a	0.30
Mineral premix^b	0.30
L-Lysine-HCL	0.16
DL-Methionine	0.11
Calculated composition
AMEn^c (kcal/kg)	2850
Crude protein (%)	24
Calcium (%)	1.30
Available phosphorus (%)	0.65
Lysine (%)	1.65
Methionine (%)	0.52
Methionine + Cystine (%)	0.91
Determined composition
Chromium of basal diet (µg/kg)	550.24
Zinc of basal diet (mg/kg)	50.15

^a Vitamin premix supplied (1 kg/diet) as retinol, 7700 I.U.; cholecalciferol, 3300 I.U.; tocopheryl acetate, 1800 I.U; menadione dimethylpyrimidinol, 5.5 mg; D-biotin, 5.5 mg; thiamine, 220 mg; riboflavin, 440 mg; niacin, 300 mg; Pyridoxine, 300 mg; Cobalamin, 15 mg; choline chloride, 275 mg; calcium pantothenate, 12 mg; folic acid, 110 mg; and antioxidant 125 mg.

^b Mineral premix supplied (1 kg/diet) as 65 mg Mn, 66 mg Zn, 33 mg Fe, 8.8 mg Cu, 1.9 mg I, and 0.3 mg Se.

^c AMEn: Nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolisable energy.

Table 2. Effects of supplemental Nano-Cr, Cr-met and Zn-pro on performance of Japanese quail¹ reared under physiological stress (stress period, 17–22 days).

	Treatment
	NC	PC	Nano-Cr	Cr-met	Zn-pro	Pooled SEM	p Value
Initial weight (g)	70.50	71.67	73.33	70.59	73.67	0.633	.497
Final weight (g)	108.95^a	63.13^b	63.17^b	64.01^b	65.34^b	0.570	<.001
Weight gain (g/day)	6.42^a	−1.69^b	−1.64^b	−1.54^b	−1.66^b	0.041	<.001
Feed Intake (g/day)	15.51^a	10.88^c	11.41^c	11.30^c	12.24^b	0.084	<.001
Feed efficiency^2	0.414^a	−0.156^b	−0.143^b	−0.136^b	−0.135^b	0.0044	<.001

^a–cMean values within a row with no common superscript differ significantly (p < .05).

NC: negative control (no-DEX, no-additive); PC: positive control (0.6 mg/kg BW DEX, no-additive), Nano-Cr (PC+ 800 µg Nano-Cr/kg diet), Zn-pro (PC+ 60 mg Zn-pro/kg diet), Cr-met (PC + 800 µg Cr-met/kg diet).

¹ Data are means of four observations per diet.

² Grams weight gained/g feed consumed.

Table 3. Effects of supplemental Nano-Cr, Cr-met and Zn-pro on performance of Japanese quail¹ post-stress recovery period (23–37 days).

	Treatment
	NC	PC	Nano-Cr	Cr-met	Zn-pro	Pooled SEM	p Value
Final weight (g)	189.98^a	163.18^b	171.57^b	163.47^b	163.54^b	1.030	<.001
Weight gain (g/day)	5.57^b	6.40^a	6.55^a	6.41^a	6.58^a	0.062	.001
Feed Intake (g/day)	22.43^a	19.84^b	20.41^ab	20.93^ab	20.51^ab	0.201	.021
Feed efficiency^2	0.25^b	0.32^a	0.32^a	0.31^a	0.32^a	0.0041	<.001

^(a,b)Mean values within a row with no common superscript differ significantly (p <.05).

NC: negative control (no-DEX, no-additive); PC: positive control (0.6 mg/kg BW DEX, no-additive), Nano-Cr (PC+ 800 µg Nano-Cr/kg diet), Zn-pro (PC+ 60 mg Zn-pro/kg diet), Cr-met (PC + 800 µg Cr-met/kg diet).

¹ Data are means of four observations per diet.

² Grams weight gained/g feed consumed.

Table 4. Effects of supplemental Nano-Cr, Cr-met and Zn-pro on performance of Japanese quail¹ in total experiment period (17–37 days).

	Treatment
	NC	PC	Nano-Cr	Cr-met	Zn-pro	Pooled SEM	p Value
ME/WG (kCal/g)	9.85^b	17.00^a	15.34^a	15.25^a	16.23^a	0.522	.012
CP/WG (g/kg BW)	0.90^b	1.55^a	1.40^a	1.39^ab	1.48^ab	0.050	<.001
Weight gain (gr/day)	5.57^b	6.40^a	6.55^a	6.41^a	6.58^a	0.064	.011
Feed Intake (g/day)	22.43^a	19.84^b	20.41^b	20.93^b	20.51^b	0.201	<.001
Feed efficiency^2	0.25^b	0.32^a	0.32^a	0.31^a	0.32^a	0.0042	<.001

^(a,b)Mean values within a row with no common superscript differ significantly (p <.05).

NC: negative control (no-DEX, no-additive); PC: positive control (0.6 mg/kg BW DEX, no-additive), Nano-Cr (PC+ 800 µg Nano-Cr/kg diet), Zn-pro (PC+ 60 mg Zn-pro/kg diet), Cr-met (PC + 800 µg Cr-met/kg diet).

¹ Data are means of four observations per diet.

² Grams weight gained/g feed consumed.

Table 5. Effects of Supplemental Nano-Cr, Cr-met and Zn-pro on some blood properties of Japanese quail¹ under physiological stress (stress period, 23th day).

	Treatment
	NC	PC	Nano-Cr	Cr-met	Zn-pro	Pooled SEM	p Value
WBC^2 (10^3 cells/mm^3)	4.19^a	4.06^b	4.10^ab	4.07^b	4.11^ab	0.014	.021
Heterophil (%)	9.33^b	13.00^a	10.00^ab	12.33^ab	9.67^ab	0.380	.048
Lymphocyte (%)	86.67^a	81.33^b	86.67^a	80.00^b	86.33^a	0.463	.005
Heterophil: Lymphocyte	0.11^c	0.16^a	0.12^bc	0.15^ab	0.11^c	0.005	.003
Monocyte (%)	4.00	5.67	4.33	7.67	4.00	0.494	.277
Haemoglobin (g/dl)	14.13^a	10.47^b	12.10^ab	13.07^ab	11.77^ab	0.312	.041
Haematocrit (%)	43.00^a	32.00^b	36.67^ab	36.00^ab	36.67^ab	1.090	.047

^(a–c)Mean values within a row with no common superscript differ significantly (p <.05).

NC: negative control (no-DEX, no-additive), PC: positive control (0.6 mg/kg BW DEX, no-additive), Nano-Cr (PC+ 800 µg Nano-Cr/kg diet), Zn-pro (PC+ 60 mg Zn-pro/kg diet), Cr-met (PC + 800 µg Cr-met/kg diet).

¹ Data are means of four observations per diet.

² White Blood Cell.

Table 6. Effects of supplemental Nano-Cr, Cr-met and Zn-pro on some blood properties of Japanese quail¹ under physiological stress (post-stress recovery period, 37th day).

	Treatment
	NC	PC	Nano-Cr	Cr-met	Zn-pro	Pooled SEM	p Value
WBC^2 (10^3 cells/mm^3)	4.03	3.96	3.99	4.01	4.02	0.008	.224
Heterophil (%)	33.33^bc	36.67^ab	35.67^b	42.00^a	28.33^c	0.671	.004
Lymphocyte (%)	63.00^ab	59.33^bc	59.67^bc	54.67^c	67.67^a	0.840	.021
Heterophil: Lymphocyte	0.53^bc	0.62^ab	0.60^ab	0.77^a	0.42^c	0.021	.008
Monocyte (%)	3.67	4.33	4.67	3.33	4.00	0.300	.772
Haemoglobin (g/dl)	14.17	13.57	13.60	13.27	13.43	0.133	.447
Haematocrit (%)	43.00	41.33	40.50	40.33	40.00	0.410	.364

^(a–c)Mean values within a row with no common superscript differ significantly (p <.05).

NC: negative control (no-DEX, no-additive), PC: positive control (0.6 mg/kg BW DEX, no-additive), Nano-Cr (PC+ 800 µg Nano-Cr/kg diet), Zn-pro (PC+ 60 mg Zn-pro/kg diet), Cr-met (PC + 800 µg Cr-met/kg diet).

¹ Data are means of four observations per diet.

² White Blood Cell.

Table 7. Effects of supplemental Nano-Cr, Cr-met and Zn-pro on meat quality of Japanese quail¹ under physiological stress.

	Treatment
	NC	PC	Nano-Cr	Cr-met	Zn-pro	Pooled SEM	p Value
23 day of age
pH0	6.70	6.68	6.73	7.05	7.10	0.084	.467
pHu	5.98	6.38	6.74	6.39	6.07	0.133	.542
ΔpH	−0.72	−0.30	−0.01	−0.67	−1.03	−0.120	.255
WHC (%)	63.01	64.33	69.9	68.83	67.46	1.071	.484
37 day of age
pH0	6.57	6.76	6.43	6.17	6.86	0.054	.276
pHu^2	6.12^b	6.25^ab	6.34^ab	6.58^a	6.50^ab	0.042	.012
ΔpH^3	−0.54	−0.51	−0.09	−0.04	−0.36	−0.070	.260
WHC^4 (%)	60.44	64.98	64.04	59.98	64.06	1.144	.683
MDA^5 (mg/kg of meat)	0.72^c	2.50^a	1.55^b	2.10^ab	1.61^b	0.092	.004

^(a–c)Mean values within a row with no common superscript differ significantly (p <.05).

NC: negative control (no-DEX, no-additive); PC: positive control (0.6 mg/kg BW DEX, no-additive), Nano-Cr (PC+ 800 µg Nano-Cr/kg diet), Zn-pro (PC+ 60 mg Zn-pro/kg diet), Cr-met (PC + 800 µg Cr-met/kg diet).

¹ Data are means of four observations per diet.

² The ultimate pH value of the muscle.

³ Assignments of pH change.

⁴ Water-Holding Capacity.

⁵ Malondialdehyde.

Table 8. Effects of supplemental Nano-Cr, Cr-met and Zn-pro on carcase yield and relative weights¹ or internal organs.

	Treatment
	NC	PC	Nano-Cr	Cr-met	Zn-pro	Pooled SEM	p Value
23 day of age
Relative liver weight (%)	2.82^b	4.13^a	3.64^ab	3.36^ab	3.56^ab	0.122	.004
Relative heart weight (%)	0.93	1.13	0.96	1.25	1.09	0.051	.468
37 day of age
Hot carcase weight (g)	126.93^a	93.83^b	91.93^b	95.73^b	94.60^b	3.123	.033
Carcase yield (%)	0.57	0.59	0.60	0.62	0.60	0.006	.357
Relative gut weight (%)	10.68^b	15.09^a	12.73^ab	12.46^ab	12.05^ab	0.422	<.001
Relative liver weight (%)	2.20	2.67	2.53	2.36	2.34	0.084	.559
Relative heart weight (%)	0.95	0.96	0.84	0.79	0.82	0.021	.274

^(a,b)Mean values within a row with no common superscript differ significantly (p <.05).

NC: negative control (no-DEX, no-additive); PC: positive control (0.6 mg/kg BW DEX, no-additive), Nano-Cr (PC+ 800 µg Nano-Cr/kg diet), Zn-pro (PC+ 60 mg Zn-pro/kg diet), Cr-met (PC + 800 µg Cr-met/kg diet).

¹ Data are means of four observations per diet.

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