Use of Aspergillus japonicas culture filtrate as a feed additive in quail breeder’s nutrition

Figures & data

Table 1. Ingredients and nutrient contents of basal diet of Japanese quail.

Ingredients	(g/kg as-fed basis)
Yellow corn	602
Soybean meal (44%)	250
soybean oil	15.0
Corn gluten meal, 60%	57.0
Di-calcium phosphate	13.0
Limestone	55.0
Nacl	3.00
l-Lysine	2.00
Premix*	3.00
Composition (g/kg)
Protein	199
Metabolizable energy (kcal/kg)	2918
Calcium	25.0
Available phosphorus	3.50
Methionine	3.50
Lysine	10.9
Methionine + cystine	7.10

*Provides per kg of diet: Vitamin A, 12,000 I.U; Vitamin D3, 5000 I.U; Vitamin E, 130.0 mg; Vitamin K3, 3.605 mg; Vitamin B1 (thiamin), 3.0 mg; Vitamin B2 (riboflavin), 8.0 mg; Vitamin B6, 4.950 mg; Vitamin B12, 17.0 mg; niacin, 60.0 mg; D-biotin, 200.0 mg; calcium D-pantothenate, 18.333 mg; folic acid, 2.083 mg; manganese, 100.0 mg; iron, 80.0 mg; zinc, 80.0 mg; copper, 8.0 mg; iodine, 2.0 mg; cobalt, 500.0 mg; and selenium, 150.0 mg.

Table 2. Productive performance of laying Japanese quail as affected by Aspergillus japonicas filtrate.

Items	Aspergillus japonicas filtrate (ml/kg diet)						SEM	P value
	0	1		2	3	4		Linear	Quadratic
Egg number/bird
8–12 week	22.67	27.67		24.33	22.67	25.00	0.884	.9124	.3187
12–16 week	21.50	25.70		26.33	23.33	24.00	1.147	.4898	.0358
8–16 week	22.08	26.67		25.33	23.00	24.50	0.748	.6507	.0359
Egg weight (g)
8–12 week	11.88	12.52		11.76^c	12.05	12.63	0.153	.2289	.0371
12–16 week	12.12	12.10		12.03	12.57	12.18	0.190	.0300	.0002
8–16 week	12.00	12.30		11.90	12.31	12.40	0.129	.0247	.0002
Egg mass (g/bird)
8–12 week	269.33	346.14		285.86	273.13	315.55	8.946	.8433	.1325
12–16 week	260.20	310.00		317.30	293.43	292.29	13.570	.3506	.0109
8–16 week	264.77	328.02		301.60	283.28	303.92	8.034	.4140	.0082
Feed intake (g/bird)
8–12 week	925.00	900.67		808.67	823.67	956.00	16.400	.7939	.0001
12–16 week	832.00	870.00		874.70	845.33	849.67	14.630	.8333	.1246
8–16 week	878.67	885.33		842.00	835.00	903.00	10.003	.9599	.0020
Feed conversion ratio (g feed/g e.g. g)
8–12 week	3.44	2.60		2.83	3.02	3.04	0.064	.3371	<.0001
12–16 week	3.21	2.81		2.77	2.88	2.92	0.090	.1353	.0065
8–16 week	3.32	2.70		2.80	2.95	2.98	0.059	.1504	.0002

Means in the same raw with no superscript letters after them or with a common superscript letter following them are not significantly different (p < .05).

Table 3. Reproductive performance of laying Japanese quail as affected by Aspergillus japonicas filtrate.

Items	Aspergillus japonicas filtrate (ml/kg diet)					SEM	p Value
	0	1	2	3	4		Linear	Quadratic
Fertility %
8–12 week	81.35	87.25	92.68	83.20	82.01	3.705	.8286	.0726
12–16 week	78.33	88.73	93.33	86.19	81.27	2.800	.7269	.0031
8–16 week	79.84	87.99	93.00	84.70	81.64	2.563	.9723	.0050
Hatchability %
8–12 week	73.41	81.16	80.35	76.72	74.60	4.194	.8846	.1989
12–16 week	76.11	88.73	90.95	81.43	76.67	2.209	.3986	.0002
8–16 week	74.76	84.95	85.65	79.07	75.64	2.719	.6566	.0089

Means in the same raw with no superscript letters after them or with a common superscript letter following them are not significantly different (p < .05). SEM: standard error mean.

Table 4. Internal and external egg quality of laying Japanese quail as affected by A. japonicas filtrate.

Items	Aspergillus japonicas filtrate (ml/kg diet)					SEM	p value
	0	1	2	3	4		Linear	Quadratic
Albumin %	53.94	54.00	53.75	54.85	54.40	0.735	.5539	.9675
Yolk %	31.50	33.8	33.30	32.12	31.85	0.648	.4471	.0025
Shell %	15.80	12.25	12.94	13.03	13.75	0.559	.6213	<.0001
Shell thickness	0.24	0.19	0.20	0.22	0.21	0.007	.1817	.0120
Egg shape index	77.59	79.82	80.68	77.99	76.65	1.208	.3927	.0544
Yolk index	44.76	50.03	50.23	47.59	49.40	1.490	.1845	.1165
Haugh unit	80.88	83.18	84.38	81.87	80.90	0.744	.6228	.0061
USSW	46.99	47.53	47.53	47.48	48.34	0.310	.0391	.6638

Means in the same raw with no superscript letters after them or with a common superscript letter following them are not significantly different (p < .05). SEM: standard error mean; USSW: unit surface shell weight (mg/cm²).

Table 5. Liver and kidney functions of laying Japanese quail as affected by A. japonicas filtrate.

Items^a	Aspergillus japonicas filtrate (ml/kg diet)					SEM	p value
	0	1	2	3	4		Linear	Quadratic
TP (g/dL)	3.68	3.95	4.39	4.08	3.85	0.085	.0081	.1975
ALB (g/dL)	2.30	2.33	2.23	2.37	2.32	0.041	0.3081	.5585
GLOB (g/dL)	1.38	1.62	2.16	1.71	1.53	0.114	.0220	.4013
A/G (%)	1.70	1.45	1.04	1.42	1.65	0.139	.1082	.8042
AST (IU/L)	239	185	231	183	222	10.64	.3597	.0574
ALT (IU/L)	20.42	6.70	10.79	10.91	14.87	1.259	.1295	<.0001
LDH (IU/L)	321	242	301	152	210	14.71	.0002	.3415
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.59	0.57	0.51	0.47	0.52	0.037	.0647	.3174
Urea (mg/dL)	2.96	1.48	1.54	1.41	1.74	0.204	.0041	.0017

Means in the same raw with no superscript letters after them or with a common superscript letter following them are not significantly different (p < .05). SEM: standard error mean

^aTP: total protein; Alb: albumin; GLOB: globulin; A/G: albumin/globulin ratio; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase and LDH: lactate dehydrogenase.

Table 6. Lipid profile of laying Japanese quail as affected by A. japonicas filtrate.

Items^a	Aspergillus japonicas filtrate (ml/kg diet)					SEM	p value
	0	1	2	3	4		Linear	Quadratic
TC (mg/dL)	400	244	284	285	267	11.95	.0001	.0004
TG (mg/dL)	1258	917	932	820	924	32.57	<.0001	<.0001
HDL (mg/dL)	13.68	23.80	26.99	19.20	23.35	2.646	.2019	.1024
LDL (mg/dL)	135.21	37.54	70.90	108.90	59.13	5.557	.0011	0.0008
VLDL (mg/dL)	251	183	186	164	184	6.515	<.0001	<.0001

Means in the same raw with no superscript letters after them or with a common superscript letter following them are not significantly different (p < 0.05). SEM: standard error mean

^aTC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; HDL: high density lipoprotein; LDL: low density lipoprotein, VLDL: very low density lipoprotein

Table 7. Antioxidant and immunological indices of laying Japanese quail as affected by Aspergillus japonicas filtrate.

Items^a	Aspergillus japonicas filtrate (ml/kg diet)					SEM	P value
	0	1	2	3	4		Linear	Quadratic
IgM (mg/dL)	0.32	0.52	0.35	0.33	0.49	0.030	.1326	.6091
IgG (mg/dL)	0.42	0.52	0.55	0.77	0.65	0.034	.0001	.0778
IgA (mg/dL)	0.32	0.32	0.38	0.40	0.32	0.047	.6500	.2986
Lysozyme (mg/dL)	0.11	0.22	0.20	0.21	0.14	0.019	.4438	.0018
SOD (U/mL)	0.10	0.23	0.20	0.18	0.21	0.016	.0128	.0102
MDA (nmol/mL)	0.48	0.29	0.23	0.42	0.23	0.027	.0027	.0512
TAC	0.10	0.26	0.24	0.18	0.19	0.013	.0526	<.0001
CAT (ng/mL)	0.10	0.14	0.19	0.18	0.21	0.027	.0152	.4747
GSH (ng/mL)	0.13	0.14	0.22	0.16	0.18	0.031	.2259	.3128

Means in the same raw with no superscript letters after them or with a common superscript letter following them are not significantly different (p < .05). SEM: standard error mean.

^aIgG, IgM and IgA: immunoglobulin G, M and A; SOD: superoxide dismutase; MDA: malondialdehyde; TAC: total antioxidant capacity; CAT: catalase; GSH: reduced glutathione.