Comparison of performance, fatty acid composition, enzymes and gene expression between overfed Xupu geese with large and small liver

Figures & data

Figure 1. Normal distribution and statistical analysis of the liver weight (N = 42). Normal distribution curve of liver weight in Xupu geese, dashed vertical axis represents mean of the average liver weight (576.5 g), the left part of the arrow showed interval of the SL-Xupu geese, the right part of the arrow showed interval of the LL-Xupu geese.

Table 1. The primers used for gene cloning, quantitative real-time PCR.

Gene name	Accession number	Forward sequence (5′ to 3′)	Reverse sequence (5′ to 3′)
FABP4	HQ833815.1	CAAGCCCAATGTAACTATCA	ATCAAACTCTTCACCCAACT
SCD	HQ197924.1	CTCGGTGGTGTTGCTGTGCT	GGTTCTCCCGTGGGTTGAT
FADS	XM013177620.1	ATCTTTCAGTCTTCAGCGA	ACAGAGAGTGTTTTTCCCA
ELOVL1	XM013177961.1	TTTGGACCAGGGGGAA	GGAGATGTGGACAGAGACG
ACAT2	XM013186797.1	GGAACTGGGACGGTAAC	GAGCCAAAGGCATAAGA
LPL	XM013188252.1	TACCTGAAGACCCGTGC	ACTCTCATCTAAAGTGCCATAC
FASN	XM013197939.1	AATCCAGAAGGGCCAAC	TCCAGCAATGCGGTAAG
GAPDH	XM027449739.1	GCCCAGAACATTATCCCA	CAGGTCAGGTCCACGACA
β-actin	M26111.1	CGAGCGGTTCAGGTGTCCA	CGTCGTATTCCTGCTTGCTG

qPCR: quantitative real-time PCR; FABP4: fatty acid binding protein gene; SCD: stearoyl-CoA desaturase gene; FADS: fatty acid dehydrogenase gene; ELOVL1: elongase of long-chain fatty acid 1 gene; ACAT2: acyl-Co A: cholesterol acyltransferase 2 gene; LPL: lipoprotein lipase gene; , FASN: fatty acid synthase gene; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene.

Table 2. Comparison of overfeeding performance between LL-Xupu geese and SL-Xupu geese^a.

Items	LL-Xupu geese	SL-Xupu geese	SEM^b	p-Value
Initial weight, g	5047.500	4937.500	90.717	.563
Final weight, g	9450.000	8850.000	231.941	.206
Body weight gain rate, %	87.170	79.230	3.115	.213
Liver weight, g	977.170	237.330	166.388	<.001
Abdominal fat weight, g	501.250	645.000	25.145	.001
Liver-to-body weight ratio, %	10.130	4.100	0.811	<.001
Feed-to-liver weight ratio, kg·kg	28.900	60.730	1.631	<.001

^aData are means of 8 geese per group.

^bSEM: standard error mean.

^c-dMeans within a row with different superscripts differ significantly (p < .05).

Figure 2. Effects of overfeeding between LL-Xupu geese and SL-Xupu geese. (A) Histology observation of SL-Xupu geese liver (200 ×). (B) Histology observation of LL-Xupu geese (200 ×).

Table 3. Comparison of fatty acid composition between LL-Xupu geese and SL-Xupu geese (% of total fatty acids)^a.

Items^b	LL-Xupu geese	SL-Xupu geese	SEM^c	p-Value
Myristic acid (C14:0)	0.460	0.560	0.076	.244
Palmitic acid (C16:0)	22.880	25.680	1.208	.045
Stearic acid (C18:0)	12.500	13.430	0.879	.318
Eicosanoic acid (C20:0)	0.220	0.220	0.023	.947
Tetracosanoic acid (C24:0)	0.060	0.090	0.011	.014
SFA %	36.370	40.040	1.158	.010
Palmitoleic acid (C16:1)	2.480	3.080	0.417	.192
Elaidic acid (C18:1t9)	0.340	0.320	0.019	.309
Oleic acid (C18:1n-9)	58.150	54.680	1.325	.026
Eicosenoic acid (C20:1)	0.230	0.270	0.025	.203
MUFA %	60.910	58.450	1.223	.072
Linoleic acid (C18:2n-6)	1.46	0.94	0.209	.033
Arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6)	0.86	0.44	0.153	.038
Docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3)	0.42	0.13	0.058	.001
PUFA %	2.72	1.52	0.321	.004

SFA: saturated fatty acids; MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids.

^aData are means of 8 geese per group.

^bThe results were expressed as a percentage of total fatty acids.

^cSEM: standard error mean.

^d-eMeans within a row with different superscripts differ significantly (p < .05).

Table 4. Comparison of plasma biochemical metabolites between LL-Xupu geese and SL-Xupu geese^a.

Items^b	LL-Xupu geese	SL-Xupu geese	SEM^c	p-Value
TG, mmol/L	5.680	4.280	0.592	.036
TC, mmol/L	10.920	9.210	1.108	.156
LDL-C, mmol/L	3.130	3.530	0.210	.350
VLDL-C, mmol/L	0.820	1.240	0.110	.038
HDL-C, mmol/L	5.930	6.030	0.212	.807

^aData are means of 8 geese per group.

^bTG: triglyceride; TC: cholesterol; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; VLDL-C: very low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein cholesterol.

^cSEM: standard error mean.

Table 5. Comparison of enzyme activities in blood and liver between LL-Xupu geese and SL-Xupu geese^a.

Items^b	LL-Xupu geese	SL-Xupu geese	SEM^c	p-Value
Plasma
CHE, U/mL	297.960	319.830	38.710	.790
LPS, U/L	17.730	20.780	1.862	.434
LPL, U/mL	5.360	4.240	0.322	.075
HL, U/mL	5.310	4.300	0.288	.071
NEFA, U/mL	535.180	769.080	69.840	.095
Liver
CHE, U/mgprot	24.150	6.940	3.516	.020
LPS, U/gprot	55.970	32.290	5.682	.032
LPL, U/mgprot	0.420	0.160	0.067	.036
HL, U/mgprot	0.340	0.260	0.082	.643
NEFA, U/gprot	75.560	102.800	8.630	.118

^aData are means of 8 geese per group.

^bCHE: cholinesterase; LPS: lipase; LPL: lipoproteinlipase; HL: hepaticlipase; NEFA: nonesterified free fatty acids.

^cSEM: standard error mean.

Figure 3. Comparison of lipid metabolism-related genes expression in liver between LL-Xupu geese and SL-Xupu geese. The sign ‘*’ indicated p < .05. SCD: stearoyl-CoA desaturase gene; FADS: fatty acid dehydrogenase gene; ELOVL1: elongase of long-chain fatty acid 1 gene; ACAT2: acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase 2 gene; LPL: lipoprotein lipase gene; FASN: fatty acid synthase gene; FABP4: adipocyte fatty acid binding protein gene.