Supplemental effect of Chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius) leaf pellet on rumen fermentation, nutrients digestibility and microbial protein synthesis in growing crossbred bulls

Figures & data

Table 1. Feed ingredients and chemical composition of the feeds used in the experiment.

Items	Concentrate	Rice straw	CHYP
Ingredients (% as fed)
Cassava chip	56		9
Rice bran	18		–
Palm kernel meal	20		–
Urea	2.5		–
Molasses	1		1
Sulphur	1		–
Mineral mixture^a	1		–
Salt	0.5		–
Chaya leaf meal			90
Chemical compositions
DM (%)	88.4	90.5	90.2
	------------------% of dry matter------------------
OM	90.6	85.6	87.2
Ash	9.4	14.4	12.8
CP	14.3	2.7	23.6
NDF	19.7	81.7	19.3
ADF	11.1	55.3	16.2
CT			1.02
Mineral (% of DM)
K			0.56
Ca			4.70
Mg			1.79
P			0.71
Na			0.09

CHYP: Chaya leaf meal pellet; DM: dry matter; OM: organic matter; CP: crude protein; NDF: neutral detergent fibre, ADF: acid detergent fibre; CT: condensed tannins; K: potassium; Ca: calcium; Mg: magnesium; P: phosphorus; Na: sodium.

^aMineral mixture contains per kg: 4,000,000 IU vitamin A, 400,000 IU Vitamin D₃, 4,000 IU vitamin E, 0.002 g vitamin B₁₂, 16 g Mn, 24 g Fe, 10 g Zn, 2 g Cu, 0.05 g Se, 0.2 g Co, 0.5 g I.

Table 2. Effect of supplementation of Chaya leaf meal pellet (CHYP) on dry matter intake (DMI) and nutrients digestibility.

Items	CHYP (% of DMI)^A				SEM	Contrast
	0	4	6	8		L	Q	C
DM intake
Rice straw
Kg/d	3.4	3.3	3.4	3.4	0.07	NS	NS	NS
%BW	1.9	1.9	1.9	1.9	0.44	NS	NS	NS
g/kg BW^0.75	70.6	70.5	71.1	71.3	1.34	NS	NS	NS
Concentrate
Kg/d	1.3	1.3	1.3	1.3	–	–	–	–
%BW	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	–	–	–	–
g/kg BW^0.75	25.3	25.3	25.3	25.3	–	–	–	–
CHYP
Kg/d	0.0^a	0.17^b	0.24^c	0.40^d	0.01	<0.001	NS	0.03
%BW	0.0^a	0.10^b	0.15^c	0.21^d	0.004	<0 .001	0.02	NS
g/kg BW^0.75	0.0^a	3.6^b	5.5^c	7.3^d	0.12	<0 .001	0.01	NS
Total intake
Kg/d	4.7	4.8	4.9	5.0	0.11	NS	NS	NS
%BW	2.4^a	2.5^a^b	2.6^b	2.6^b	0.04	<0.01	NS	NS
g/kg BW^0.75	95.8^a	99.4^b	101.0^b	103.9^b	1.75	<0.01	NS	NS
Nutrients digestibility (%)
DM	57.1^a	57.8^a^b	58.5^a^b	62.5^b	0.67	<0.05	NS	NS
OM	61.0^a	62.3^a^b	62.7^a^b	65.2^b	0.59	<0.05	NS	NS
CP	44.3^a	53.8^a^b	55.4^a^b	59.6^b	1.59	<0.05	NS	NS
NDF	53.4	53.2	53.6	53.8	0.38	NS	NS	NS
ADF	43.9	43.2	44.0	44.1	0.23	NS	NS	NS

SEM: standard error of the mean; Contrast: L, linear; Q, quadratic; C, cubic; NS: non-significant; ^a-dMeans in the same row with different superscripts differ (p < 0.05). DM: dry matter; OM: organic matter; CP: crude protein; NDF: neutral detergent fibre, ADF: acid detergent fibre.

^AAnimals were fed a diet with CHYP at 0, 4, 6 and 8% of DMI.

BW: Body weight.

Table 3. Effect of supplementation of Chaya leaf meal pellet (CHYP) on rumen fermentation, ecology, and blood metabolites.

Items	CHYP (% of DMI )^A				SEM	Contrast
	0	4	6	8		L	Q	C
Temperature (°C)	39.1	38.8	39.3	39.1	0.09	NS	NS	NS
pH	6.8	6.7	6.8	6.8	0.01	NS	NS	NS
NH3–N (mg/dL)	19.0^a	19.5^a^b	20.2^b	20.2^b	0.16	<0.05	NS	NS
Total VFA (mmol/L)	100.2^a	101.4^a	100.8^a	103.7^b	0.27	<0.05	NS	NS
C2 (mmol/L)	63.9	64.4	63.0	63.8	0.28	NS	NS	NS
C3 (mmol/L)	22.0^a	22.4^a	23.1^a^b	24.4^b	0.15	<0.005	NS	NS
C4 (mmol/L)	14.3	14.6	14.6	15.4	0.18	NS	NS	NS
C2:C3 ratio	2.7	2.8	2.6	2.6	0.05	NS	NS	NS
CH4^B (mmol/L)	28.5	28.6	27.8	28.2	0.21	NS	NS	NS
Bacteria (×10^9 cells/mL)	5.6^a	6.7^b	7.8^c	7.6^c	0.09	<0.001	0.02	NS
Protozoa (×10^6 cells/mL)	8.4	5.2	7.9	5.6	0.49	NS	NS	NS
Fungi (×10^5 cells/mL)	4.4	4.8	4.5	4.8	0.10	NS	NS	NS
BUN (mg/dL)	14.0	13.7	14.1	14.3	0.09	NS	NS	NS

SEM: standard error of the mean; Contrast: L, linear; Q, quadratic; C, cubic; NS: non-significant; ^a-dMeans in the same row with different superscripts differ (p < 0.05); NH₃-N: ammonia nitrogen concentration; C₂: acetic acid; C₃: propionic acid; C₄: butyric acid; C₂:C₃ ratio, C₂ to C₃ ratio; BUN: blood urea nitrogen concentration.

^AAnimals were fed a diet with CHYP at 0, 4, 6 and 8% of DMI.

^BMethane production = (0.45 × C₂) – (0.275 × C₃) + (0.40 × C₄) (Moss et al. 2000).

VFA: volatile fatty acids.

Table 4. Effect of supplementation of Chaya leaf meal pellet (CHYP) on nitrogen (N) balance and urinary purine derivatives.

Items	CHYP (% of DMI)^A				SEM	Contrast
	0	4	6	8		L	Q	C
N intake (g/d)	30.5^a	37.4^b	40.8^c	43.1^d	0.13	<0.001	NS	NS
Faecal N excretion (g/d)	14.7^a	15.3^a	17.3^b	17.6^b	0.47	<0.05	NS	NS
Urinary N excretion (g/d)	6.9	5.8	5.5	6.0	0.17	NS	NS	NS
N balance (g/d)
Absorption	15.8^a	22.0^b	23.5^b^c	25.4^c	0.44	<0.001	NS	NS
Retention	9.0^a	16.3^b	18.0^b	19.5^b	0.58	<0.001	NS	NS
Urinary purine derivatives^B (mmol/d)
Allantoin (mmol/d)	121.3^a	133.9^a	134.4^a	175.1^b	2.79	<0.001	NS	NS
PD excretion (mmol/d)	133.5^a	152.5^b	159.7^c	193.8^d	0.30	<0.001	NS	NS
PD absorption (mmol/d)	117.4^a	139.8^b	148.1^b	168.3^c	1.77	<0.001	NS	NS
MNS (gN/d)	85.4^a	101.7^b	107.6^b	122.4^b	1.28	<0.001	NS	NS
EMNS (gN/kg DOMR)	33.9^a	39.3^a^b	40.5^a^b	44.8^b	0.95	<0.05	NS	NS

SEM: standard error of the mean; Contrast: L, linear; Q, quadratic; C, cubic; NS: non-significant; ^a-d Means in the same row with different superscripts differ (p < 0.05); N: nitrogen; PD: purine derivative; MNS: microbial nitrogen supply calculated form (PD absorption × 0.727); EMNS: efficiency of microbial nitrogen synthesis calculated from microbial N (g/d)/ DOMR, where DOMR = digestibility organic matter apparently fermented in the rumen (assuming that rumen digestion = 65% of digestion in total tract), DOMR = DOMI × 0.65; DOMI = digestion organic matter intake.

^AAnimals were fed a diet with CHYP at 0, 4, 6 and 8% of DMI.

^BUrinary purine derivative contained allantoin 80–85%, Calculated from (PD excretion – 0.147 × BW^0.75)/0.85.

Moss AR, Jouany JP, Newbold J. 2000. Methane production by ruminants: its contribution to global warming. Ann Zootech. 49(3):231–253.

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