Effect of substituting Pennisetum sinese with bamboo shoot shell (BSS) on aerobic stability and digestibility of ensiled total mixed ration

Figures & data

Table 1. Chemical composition of ingredients used for total mixed ration.

Item	Bamboo shoot shell	Pennisetum sinese	Rice straw	Concentrate
Dry matter, g/kg FM	200	217	830	903
Crude protein, g/kg DM	144	119	58.6	193
Water soluble carbohydrate, g/kg DM	36.4	89.9	29.6	119
Neutral detergent fibre, g/kg DM	627	639	637	361
Acid detergent fibre, g/kg DM	342	370	373	68.3
Ether extract, g/kg DM	15.9	84.1	18.1	78.4
Crude ash, g/kg DM	93.2	87.9	111	74.4
Non-fibrous carbohydrate, g/kg DM	120	70.0	175	294
Buffering capacity, mEq/kg DM	544	270	120	129

FM: fresh matter; DM: dry matter; mEq: milligram equivalent.

Table 2. Formulation, chemical and microbial composition of total mixed ration.

Item	Treatments^1				SEM	p-Value
	BSS0	BSS15	BSS25	BSS35
Formulation, % FM
Bamboo shoot shells	0	15	25	35
P. sinese	45	30	20	10
Rice straw	20	20	20	20
Concentrate	35	35	35	35
Chemical composition
Dry matter, g/kg FM	580	577	576	574	4.26	.335
Crude protein, g/kg DM	142	143	144	145	1.33	.212
Water soluble carbohydrate, g/kg DM	88.30^A	85.50^A	83.60^AB	81.70^B	0.83	<.001
Neutral detergent fibre, g/kg DM	487	485	485	484	3.78	.952
Acid detergent fibre, g/kg DM	206	204	203	201	4.77	.424
Ether extract, g/kg DM	62.10^A	58.40^A	56.00^AB	53.50^B	0.49	.005
Crude ash, g/kg DM	87.10	87.40	87.50	87.70	1.33	.538
Non-fibrous carbohydrate, g/kg DM	265^A	252^A	243^AB	234^B	2.21	.012
Buffering capacity, mEq/kg DM	150^C	164^BC	173^AB	182^A	4.43	<.001
Relative feed value, %	148	146	144	142	1.14	.898
Total digestible nutrients, % DM	68.10	67.80	67.60	67.40	0.32	.393
Microbial composition, log10 cfu/g FM
Lactic acid bacteria	5.43	5.38	5.34	5.30	0.25	.439
Aerobic bacteria	7.63^A	7.27^A	7.03^AB	6.79^B	0.09	.008
Yeasts	5.21^A	5.03^A	4.91^A	4.79^B	0.05	.031

cfu: colony-forming units; DM: dry matter; FM: fresh matter; mEq: milligram equivalent; BSS: bamboo shoot shell.

Means with different capital letters show significant differences among treatments (p < .05).

¹BSS₀, no bamboo shoot shell + 45% Pennisetum sinese; BSS₁₅, 15% bamboo shoot shells + 30% Pennisetum sinese; BSS₂₅, 25% bamboo shoot shells + 20% Pennisetum sinese; BSS₃₅, 35% bamboo shoot shells + 10% Pennisetum sinese.

Table 3. Effect of BSS substitution levels on fermentative characteristics of ensiled total mixed ration after 90 days of ensiling.

Item	Treatments^1				SEM	p-Value
	BSS0	BSS15	BSS25	BSS35
pH	4.58	4.54	4.53	4.36	0.02	.746
Lactic acid, g/kg DM	34.90	32.10	31.10	30.00	1.17	.548
Acetic acid, g/kg DM	10.70^B	17.70^A	19.50^A	19.50^A	1.27	.009
Lactic/acetic acid	3.37^A	1.81^B	1.65^B	1.53^B	0.25	.002
Propionic acid, g/kg DM	0.56	0.75	0.87	1.01	0.09	.344
Butyric acid, g/kg DM	1.36	1.67	1.51	1.45	0.09	.676
Ethanol, g/kg DM	8.37^A	6.22^AB	5.86^B	5.59^B	0.39	.013
Ammonia nitrogen, g/kg TN	92.70^A	81.30^B	74.00^C	72.80^C	2.44	<.001
Lactic acid bacteria, log10 cfu/g FM	6.85^A	6.62^AB	6.50^B	6.37^B	0.08	.005
Aerobic bacteria, log10 cfu/g FM	6.50	6.30	6.35	6.17	0.08	.640
Yeast, log10 cfu/g FM	3.18^A	2.87^AB	2.54^B	2.39^B	0.10	.005
V-score	73.50	70.40	73.10	73.90	0.89	.556

DM: dry matter; FM: fresh matter; TN: total nitrogen; SEM: standard error of means; BSS: bamboo shoot shell.

Means with different capital letters show significant differences among treatments in the same ensiling days (p < .05).

¹BSS₀, no bamboo shoot shell + 45% Pennisetum sinese; BSS₁₅, 15% bamboo shoot shells + 30% Pennisetum sinese; BSS₂₅, 25% bamboo shoot shells + 20% Pennisetum sinese; BSS₃₅, 35% bamboo shoot shells + 10% Pennisetum sinese.

Table 4. Effect of BSS substitution levels on chemical compositions of ensiled total mixed ration after 90 days of ensiling.

Item	Treatments^1				SEM	p-Value
	BSS0	BSS15	BSS25	BSS35
Dry matter, g/kg FM	466	416	439	401	1.30	.350
Crude protein, g/kg DM	159	166	170	174	2.55	.199
Water soluble carbohydrate, g/kg DM	32.1^A	22.0^B	35.0^A	32.3^A	1.92	.002
Neutral detergent fibre, g/kg DM	432^A	427^A	410^A	361^B	9.67	.008
Acid detergent fibre, g/kg DM	209	207	201	191	6.58	.812
Ether extract, g/kg DM	75.00	84.50	70.50	71.00	2.68	.225
Crude ash, g/kg DM	97.50	95.80	96.00	96.90	0.62	.796
Non-fibrous carbohydrate, g/kg DM	237^B	227^B	253^B	297^A	8.62	.003
Relative feed value, %	157^B	159^B	166^AB	191^A	4.57	.004
Total digestible nutrients, % DM	68.00	68.20	68.60	69.30	0.46	.812

FM: fresh matter; DM: dry matter; SEM: standard error of means; BSS: bamboo shoot shell.

Means with different capital letters show significant differences among treatments in the same ensiling days (p < .05).

¹BSS₀, no bamboo shoot shell + 45% Pennisetum sinese; BSS₁₅, 15% bamboo shoot shells + 30% Pennisetum sinese; BSS₂₅, 25% bamboo shoot shells + 20% Pennisetum sinese; BSS₃₅, 35% bamboo shoot shells + 10% Pennisetum sinese.

Table 5. Gas production kinetics, in vitro digestibility, metabolisable energy and net energy for lactation of ensiled TMR after 90 days of ensiling.

Item	Treatment^1				SEM	p-Value
	BSS0	BSS15	BSS25	BSS35
GP24	53.80	53.50	51.80	51.20	1.040	.816
GP72	94.80	97.70	95.20	93.00	1.450	.784
Potential gas production, b, mL	111	121	116	114	2.170	.508
Gas production rate constant, c, mL/h	0.03	0.02	0.03	0.03	0.001	.226
In vitro dry matter digestibility, %	53.20	55.90	58.90	57.50	0.860	.077
In vitro neutral detergent fibre digestibility, %	48.60	49.30	50.50	47.40	0.530	.208
Metabolisable energy, MJ/kg DM	12.00	12.50	11.60	11.60	0.260	.453
Net energy for lactation, MJ/kg of DM	7.28	7.54	7.02	6.98	0.170	.494

GP₂₄: in vitro gas production at 24 h; GP₇₂, in vitro gas production at 72 h; MJ, mega joule; DM: dry matter; SEM: standard error of means; BSS: bamboo shoot shell.

¹BSS₀, no bamboo shoot shell + 45% Pennisetum sinese; BSS₁₅, 15% bamboo shoot shells + 30% Pennisetum sinese; BSS₂₅, 25% bamboo shoot shells + 20% Pennisetum sinese; BSS₃₅, 35% bamboo shoot shells + 10% Pennisetum sinese.

Table 6. Effect of BSS substitution levels and aerobic exposure days on chemical compositions of ensiled total mixed ration.

Item	Treatments^1	Aerobic exposure days					Means	SEM	p-Value^c
		0	3	6	9	14			D	T	D × T
pH	BSS0	4.58^C	4.61^C	4.70^BC	5.02^Ba	5.90^Aa	4.96^a	0.04	<.001	<.001	<.001
	BSS15	4.54	4.59	4.62	4.59^b	4.71^b	4.61^b
	BSS25	4.53	4.51	4.53	4.53^b	4.57^b	4.53^bc
	BSS35	4.36	4.47	4.55	4.48^b	4.57^b	4.48^c
Acetic acid, g/kg DM	BSS0	10.70^Ab	10.90^Ab	10.80^Ab	9.53^Ab	6.81^Bc	9.75^b	0.59	.007	<.001	.989
	BSS15	17.70^a	17.40^a	16.60^ab	14.10^ab	12.60^b	15.70^a
	BSS25	19.50^a	19.00^a	18.30^ab	17.60^a	13.40^ab	17.60^a
	BSS35	19.50^a	19.30^a	19.60^a	18.60^a	16.60^a	18.70^a
Ammonia nitrogen, g/kg TN	BSS0	92.70^Ca	104^Ca	110^BCa	121^Ba	135^Aa	112^a	1.94	.004	<.001	.151
	BSS15	81.30^b	88.90^ab	98.40^ab	99.30^ab	102^ab	94.00^b
	BSS25	74.00^Bc	77.10^ABb	89.60^ABab	93.10^Ab	87.70^ABbc	84.30^c
	BSS35	72.80^c	79.30^b	85.20^b	73.90^b	74.50^c	77.20^c
Water soluble carbohydrate, g/kg DM	BSS0	32.10^Aa	27.80^Bb	20.80^Cb	16.60^Dc	6.76^Ec	20.80^b	1.00	<.001	<.001	<.001
	BSS15	22.00^Ab	22.70^Ac	21.90^Aab	20.90^Abc	13.30^Bbc	20.10^b
	BSS25	35.00^Aa	31.20^ABa	30.80^ABa	28.80^ABa	21.30^Bab	29.40^a
	BSS35	32.30^Aa	33.30^Aa	27.50^ABab	23.10^Bab	24.20^Ba	28.10^a

DM: dry matter; TN: total nitrogen; SEM: standard error of means; D: aerobic exposure days; T: substitution levels; D × T: the interaction between aerobic exposure days and substitution levels; BSS: bamboo shoot shell.

Means with different capital letters show significant differences among aerobic exposure days in the same treatment (p < .05); Values with different small letters show significant differences among treatments in the same aerobic exposure days (p < .05).

¹BSS₀, no bamboo shoot shell + 45% Pennisetum sinese; BSS₁₅, 15% bamboo shoot shells + 30% Pennisetum sinese; BSS₂₅, 25% bamboo shoot shells + 20% Pennisetum sinese; BSS₃₅, 35% bamboo shoot shells + 10% Pennisetum sinese.

Table 7. Effect of BSS substitution levels and aerobic exposure days on microbial compositions of ensiled total mixed ration.

Item	Treatments^1	Aerobic exposure days					Means	SEM	p-Value
		0	3	6	9	14			D	T	D × T
Lactic acid bacteria, log10 cfu/g FM	BSS0	6.85^Aa	5.71^b	5.19^Bb	4.81^Cc	4.15^Cc	5.34^b	0.07	<.001	.013	<.001
	BSS15	6.62^Aa	6.05^b	5.65^ABbc	5.21^Bc	4.42^Bc	5.59^ab
	BSS25	6.50^ABa	6.19^ab	5.93^Aab	5.70^Ab	5.16^Ab	5.90^a
	BSS35	6.37^Ba	6.42^a	5.95^ABa	5.68^Aa	5.31^Ba	5.95^ab
Aerobic bacteria, log10 cfu/g FM	BSS0	6.50^c	6.75^Ab	6.83^Aab	6.97^Aa	7.49^Aa	6.91^a	0.11	<.001	<.001	.013
	BSS15	6.30^c	6.44^Bbc	6.59^Bbc	6.77^Bb	7.07^Ba	6.63^b
	BSS25	6.35^c	6.32^Bbc	6.56^Bab	6.79^Ba	6.93^Ba	6.59^b
	BSS35	6.17^c	6.18^Bbc	6.35^Bab	6.61^Ba	6.62^Ba	6.39^b
Yeast, log10 cfu/g FM	BSS0	3.18^Ad	3.66^Ad	4.32^Ac	5.29^Ab	6.33^Aa	4.56^a	0.08	<.001	<.001	<.001
	BSS15	2.87^Bd	3.36^Acd	3.61^Bc	4.41^Bb	5.31^Ba	3.91^b
	BSS25	2.54^Bd	2.95^Bd	3.52^Bc	3.80^Bb	4.43^Ca	3.45^b
	BSS35	2.39^Bc	2.90^Cc	2.87^Cc	3.46^Cb	3.97^Ca	3.12^c

cfu: colony-forming units; FM: fresh matter; SEM: standard error of means; D: aerobic exposure days; T: substitution levels; D × T: the interaction between aerobic exposure days and substitution levels; BSS: bamboo shoot shell.

Means with different capital letters show significant differences among aerobic exposure days in the same treatment (p < .05); Values with different small letters show significant differences among treatments in the same aerobic exposure days (p < .05).

¹BSS₀, no bamboo shoot shell + 45% Pennisetum sinese; BSS₁₅, 15% bamboo shoot shells + 30% Pennisetum sinese; BSS₂₅, 25% bamboo shoot shells + 20% Pennisetum sinese; BSS₃₅, 35% bamboo shoot shells + 10% Pennisetum sinese.

Figure 1. Changes in temperature (A) and aerobic stability (B) of ensiled TMR during aerobic exposure (n = 6, bars indicate standard error of the means). Means with different small letters (a, b) show significant difference among treatments at p < .05. BSS₀, no bamboo shoot shell + 45% Pennisetum sinese; BSS₁₅, 15% bamboo shoot shells + 30% Pennisetum sinese; BSS₂₅, 25% bamboo shoot shells + 20% Pennisetum sinese; BSS₃₅, 35% bamboo shoot shells + 10% Pennisetum sinese. AT: ambient temperature; AT + 2: ambient temperature plus 2 °C; BSS: bamboo shoot shell.