Gaseous ozone application on microbial properties of broiler feeds

Figures & data

Table 1. Nutrient composition of feeds (starter, grower, and finisher).

Nutrient composition	Dose, g h^−1	Time, min	DM, %	Ash, %	CP, %	EE, %	CF,%
S0*	–	–	89.03	5.60	21.98	5.99	2.83
S1	0.90	15	85.76	5.46	21.51	5.51	2.48
S2	0.90	30	85.43	5.34	21.26	5.46	2.47
S3	5.60	15	87.59	5.60	21.33	5.58	2.97
S4	5.60	30	87.07	5.56	21.58	4.72	2.42
G0*	–	–	88.93	5.11	20.82	7.26	2.69
G1	0.90	15	85.00	4.79	20.13	7.06	2.77
G2	0.90	30	84.74	5.28	19.93	7.28	3.01
G3	5.60	15	86.20	4.80	20.16	6.87	2.52
G4	5.60	30	86.02	4.78	20.13	7.11	2.93
F0*	–	–	88.06	4.25	18.99	8.81	3.08
F1	0.90	15	85.73	4.16	19.11	8.44	2.59
F2	0.90	30	85.35	4.05	19.17	8.58	3.39
F3	5.60	15	86.03	4.02	19.12	8.19	2.93
F4	5.60	30	84.91	3.91	19.22	8.79	2.37

DM: Dry Matter; CP: Crude Protein; EE: Ether extract; CF: Crude Fibre; S: Starter diet; G: Grower diet; F: Finisher diet.

*A. niger contamination (–); ozone application (–).

Table 2. Fatty acid profiles of starter feed for broilers.

Fatty acids	Starter period feed
	S0*	S1	S2	S3	S4
C8:0	1.12	0.98	–	1.35	1.93
C14:0	1.55	–	5.08	1.55	–
C16:0	37.15	34.91	38.69	39.23	42.24
C18:0	14.96	15.91	16.73	18.70	22.89
C18:1n9	36.81	36.17	28.79	30.24	27.58
C18:2n6	4.84	7.35	5.50	3.55	2.70
C18:3n6	1.33	–	5.21	2.70	2.65
C20:0	1.01	1.12	–	1.20	–
C22:0	–	0.84	–	–	–
C22:6n3	–	0.77	–	–	–
C24:1	1.24	1.97	–	1.49	–
Total SFA	55.79	53.76	60.5	62.03	67.06
Total MUFA	38.05	38.91	28.79	31.73	27.58
Total PUFA	6.17	7.35	10.71	6.25	5.35

*S0: Starter feed without A. niger contamination (–) and ozone application (–).

Table 3. Fatty acid profiles of grower feed for broilers.

Fatty acids	Grower period feed
	G0*	G1	G2	G3	G4
C8:0	–	1.61	–	1.20	1.39
C14:0	–	–	–	1.10	–
C16:0	37.32	39.70	30.16	35.21	40.71
C18:0	16.60	18.53	13.44	20.51	18.76
C18:1n9	38.40	35.33	45.36	34.77	32.60
C18:2n6	5.22	2.95	7.72	4.51	2.63
C18:3n6	–	–	2.29	–	–
C20:0	1.16	–	1.03	1.04	1.33
C22:0	–	–	–	0.82	1.12
C22:6n3	–	–	–	–	–
C24:1	1.30	1.88	–	0.84	1.46
Total SFA	55.08	59.84	44.63	59.88	63.31
Total MUFA	39.70	37.21	45.36	35.61	34.06
Total PUFA	5.22	2.95	10.01	4.51	2.63

*G0: Starter feed without A. niger contamination (–) and ozone application (–).

Table 4. Fatty acid profiles of finisher feed for broilers.

Fatty acids	Finisher period feed
	F0*	F1	F2	F3	F4
C8:0	–	–	1.15	–	–
C14:0	1.30	–	–	–	3.50
C16:0	30.86	35.48	33.23	31.67	31.86
C18:0	11.68	12.33	14.12	12.88	12.27
C18:1n9	38.57	44.43	38.86	40.66	39.63
C18:1n9t	–	–	–	–	1.75
C18:2n6c	11.70	7.76	6.50	10.62	8.29
C18:3n6	2.46	–	–	–	–
C20:0	0.92	–	1.04	–	–
C22:0	–	–	–	–	–
C22:6n3	–	–	1.18	1.28	–
C24:1	2.51	–	3.92	2.89	2.72
Total SFA	44.76	47.81	49.54	44.55	47.63
Total MUFA	41.08	44.43	43.96	44.83	44.10
Total PUFA	14.16	7.76	6.50	10.62	8.29

*F0: Starter feed without A. niger contamination (–) and ozone application (–).

Table 5. Effects of ozone application on A. niger, and total mould and yeast counts of starter feed.

Starter feed	Dose (g h^−1)	Time (min)	A. niger (log10 cfu g^−1)			Total mould and yeast (log10 cfu g^−1)
			Before ozone	After ozone	Δ (decrease)	Before ozone	After ozone	Δ (decrease)
S1	0.90	15	2.87^a	2.39^bc	0.49^ab	3.61^b	2.85^c	0.76^ab
S2		30	2.87^a	2.63^a	0.24^bc	3.83^a	3.13^b	0.69^b
S3	5.60	15	2.39^b	2.24^c	0.15^c	3.85^a	3.83^a	0.02^c
S4		30	3.00^a	2.30^c	0.70^a	3.85^a	2.85^c	1.01^a
SEM			0.072	0.058	0.077	0.033	0.126	0.115
p-Values
Dose			.002	.023	.547	.001	.003	.028
Time			.000	.116	.166	.004	.003	.000
Dose × time			.000	.331	.004	.004	.000	.000

SEM: standard error of means.

^a–cDifferent letters in the same column differ significantly (p < 0.05).

Δ = Microbial load before ozone treatment − Microbial load after ozone treatment.

Table 6. Effects of ozone application on A. niger, and total mould and yeast counts of grower feed.

Grower feed	Dose (g h^−1)	Time (min)	A. niger (log10 cfu g^−1)			Total mould and yeast (log10 cfu g^−1)
			Before ozone	After ozone	Δ (decrease)	Before ozone	After ozone	Δ (decrease)
G1	0.90	15	2.48^b	2.15^a	0.33^b	3.62^c	2.93^a	0.70^b
G2		30	2.96^a	2.30^a	0.66^b	3.86^a	3.15^a	0.71^b
G3	5.60	15	2.50^b	2.30^a	0.20^b	3.78^ab	2.80^a	0.97^b
G4		30	2.50^b	0.00^b	2.50^a	3.70^bc	0.83^b	2.88^a
SEM			0.072	0.300	0.286	0.032	0.334	0.323
p-Values
Dose			.037	.000	.000	.889	.020	.016
Time			.025	.000	.000	.068	.072	.044
Dose × time			.025	.000	.000	.004	.032	.047

SEM: standard error of means.

^a–cDifferent letters in the same column differ significantly (p < 0.05).

Δ = Microbial load before ozone treatment − Microbial load after ozone treatment.

Table 6. Effects of ozone application on A. niger, and total mould and yeast counts of finisher feed.

Finisher feed	Dose (g h^−1)	Time (min)	A. niger (log10 cfu g^−1)			Total mould and yeast (log10 cfu g^−1)
			Before ozone	After ozone	Δ (decrease)	Before ozone	After ozone	Δ (decrease)
F1	0.90	15	2.30^b	2.24^a	0.06^b	3.34^bc	2.77^a	0.57^d
F2		30	2.15^b	2.00^b	0.15^b	3.19^c	2.45^b	0.74^c
F3	5.60	15	2.69^a	0.00^c	2.69^a	3.64^a	2.00^c	1.64^b
F4		30	2.59^a	0.00^c	2.59^a	3.50^ab	0.00^d	3.50^a
SEM			0.074	0.322	0.385	0.057	0.326	0.351
p-Values
Dose			.001	.000	.000	.001	.000	.000
Time			.162	.122	.951	.033	.000	.000
Dose × time			.777	.122	.399	.957	.000	.000

SEM: standard error of means.

^a–dDifferent letters in the same column differ significantly (p < 0.05).

Δ = Microbial load before ozone treatment − Microbial load after ozone treatment.

Figure 1. Box and Whisker plots of starter feed’ microbial quality; (a) A. niger, and (b) Mould-yeast counts.

Figure 2. Box and Whisker plots of grower feed’ microbial quality; (a) A. niger, and (b) Mould-yeast counts.

Figure 3. Box and Whisker plots of finisher feed’ microbial quality; (a) A. niger, and (b) Mould-yeast counts.

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, [AAO], upon reasonable request.

Figure 1. Box and Whisker plots of starter feed’ microbial quality; (a) A. niger, and (b) Mould-yeast counts.

Figure 2. Box and Whisker plots of grower feed’ microbial quality; (a) A. niger, and (b) Mould-yeast counts.

Figure 3. Box and Whisker plots of finisher feed’ microbial quality; (a) A. niger, and (b) Mould-yeast counts.