Dietary glucose oxidase supplementation improves growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, and serum antioxidant enzyme parameters in growing pigs

Figures & data

Table 1. Experimental diet compositions (as fed-basis).

Items	Glucose oxidase, %
	0.00	0.01	0.02	0.03
Ingredients, %
Corn	75.05	75.04	75.03	75.00
Soybean meal	19.88	19.88	19.88	19.88
Tallow	1.88	1.88	1.88	1.90
Dicalcium phosphate	1.28	1.28	1.28	1.28
Limestone	0.73	0.73	0.73	0.73
Salt	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20
Methionine (99 %)	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.08
Lysine	0.52	0.52	0.52	0.52
Threonine (99 %)	0.13	0.13	0.13	0.13
Tryptophan (99 %)	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02
Choline (25 %)	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.03
Mineral mix^a	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10
Vitamin mix^b	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10
Glucose oxidase	–	0.01	0.02	0.03
Total	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00
Calculated value, %
Metabolizable energy (MJ/kg)	13.82	13.82	13.82	13.82
Analysed composition, %
Crude protein	16.00	16.00	16.00	16.00
Calcium	0.66	0.66	0.66	0.66
Phosphorus	0.56	0.56	0.56	0.56
Lysine	1.16	1.16	1.16	1.16
Methionine	0.32	0.32	0.32	0.32
Crude fat	4.75	4.75	4.75	4.77
Crude fibre	2.48	2.48	2.48	2.48
Crude ash	4.47	4.47	4.47	4.47

^a Provided per kg diet: Fe, 138 mg as ferrous sulphate; Cu, 84 mg as copper sulphate; Mn, 24 mg as manganese oxide; Zn, 72 mg as zinc oxide; I, 0.6 mg as potassium iodide; and Se, 0.36 mg as sodium selenite.

^b Provided per kilograms of diet: vitamin A, 15,600 IU; vitamin D₃, 2,040 IU; vitamin E, 72 IU; vitamin K₃, 6 mg; vitamin B₁, 5.04 mg; vitamin B₂, 22.8 mg; vitamin B₆, 8.04 mg; vitamin B₁₂, 0.06 mg; biotin, 0.408 mg; folic acid, 2.52 mg; niacin, 66 mg; D-calcium pantothenate, 54 mg.

Table 2. Effect of dietary supplementation of glucose oxidase (GOX) on growth performance in growing pigs^a.

	GOX, %					p Value
Items	0.00	0.01	0.02	0.03	SEM	Linear	Quadratic	Cubic
Body weight, kg
Day 1	23.3	23.3	23.3	23.3	0.33	.989	.993	.995
Day 21	36.1	36.3	36.2	36.4	0.39	.558	.903	.708
Day 42	51.7	52.3	52.6	53.1	0.47	.035	.997	.789
ADG, g
Days 1–21	606	619	615	624	8.29	.186	.797	.398
Days 22–42	746	759	776	794	9.99	.001	.827	.919
Days 1–42	676	689	696	709	6.50	.001	.997	.644
ADFI, g
Days 1–21	1332	1343	1336	1345	12.33	.547	.933	.547
Days 22–42	1840	1867	1888	1896	15.52	.008	.533	.939
Days 1–42	1586	1605	1612	1621	10.50	.020	.610	.767
FCR
Days 1–21	2.20	2.17	2.18	2.16	0.02	.113	.757	.455
Days 22–42	2.48	2.47	2.44	2.40	0.04	.158	.636	.968
Days 1–42	2.35	2.33	2.32	2.29	0.02	.062	.814	.814

ADG: average daily gain; ADFI: average daily feed intake; FCR: feed conversion ratio; SEM: standard error of the mean.

^aValues represent the means of 10 pens with five pigs per replicate pen (n = 50) per treatment for body weight and 10 pens (n = 10) per treatment for ADG, ADFI, and FCR.

Table 3. Effect of dietary supplementation of glucose oxidase (GOX) on apparent total tract digestibility in growing pigs^a.

	GOX, %					p Value
Items, %	0.00	0.01	0.02	0.03	SEM	Linear	Quadratic	Cubic
Dry matter
Day 21	79.0	80.0	79.3	80.2	0.62	.333	.867	.252
Day 42	78.2	78.3	78.5	78.9	0.73	.402	.891	.885
Nitrogen
Day 21	76.4	77.6	76.7	77.8	0.67	.317	.945	.167
Day 42	75.2	75.9	76.4	76.8	0.52	.029	.770	.954
Energy
Day 21	78.0	78.9	78.0	79.0	0.45	.262	.887	.057
Day 42	76.0	76.6	77.1	77.5	0.50	.032	.920	.995

SEM: standard error of the mean.

^a Values represent the means of 10 pens with two pigs per replicate pen (n = 20) per treatment.

Table 4. Effect of dietary supplementation of glucose oxidase (GOX) on faecal bacteria counts in growing pigs^a.

	GOX, %					p Value
Items, log10cfu/g	0.00	0.01	0.02	0.03	SEM	Linear	Quadratic	Cubic
Coliform bacteria
Day 21	7.20	7.18	7.19	7.17	0.04	.680	.955	.744
Day 42	7.16	7.13	7.15	7.12	0.05	.595	1.000	.692
Lactic acid bacteria
Day 21	9.28	9.30	9.31	9.33	0.03	.198	.863	.904
Day 42	9.25	9.26	9.29	9.31	0.03	.142	.892	.680

SEM: standard error of the mean.

^a Values represent the means of 10 pens with two pigs per replicate pen (n = 20) per treatment.

Table 5. Effect of dietary supplementation of glucose oxidase (GOX) on serum antioxidant enzyme parameters in growing pigs^a.

	GOX, %					p Value
Items	0.00	0.01	0.02	0.03	SEM	Linear	Quadratic	Cubic
Glucose, mg/dL
Day 21	85.8	86.3	86.5	88.0	1.56	.335	.754	.833
Day 42	86.3	87.5	87.8	89.0	1.40	.201	1.000	.755
Superoxidase dismutase, U/mL
Day 21	0.49	0.64	0.59	0.74	0.12	.192	1.000	.480
Day 42	0.82	0.80	0.86	0.85	0.04	.420	.923	.389
Glutathione peroxidase, μmol/L
Day 21	10.0	10.1	10.1	10.4	0.47	.532	.874	.810
Day 42	13.4	16.8	15.1	17.9	1.17	.044	.799	.098
Glutathione, ug/μL
Day 21	0.91	1.18	1.02	1.22	0.11	.147	.731	.125
Day 42	0.79	0.85	0.86	0.94	0.05	.032	.785	.560

SEM: standard error of the mean.

^a Values represent the means of 10 pens with two pigs per replicate pen (n = 20) per treatment.

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.