Effects of dietary xylooligosaccharides supplementation on the intestinal morphology, nitrogen metabolism, faecal ammonia release, antioxidant capacity, and immune organ indices of broilers

Figures & data

Table 1. Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diets (air-dry basis).

	Starter	Grower		Starter	Grower
Ingredients (%)	1–21 day	22–42 day	Nutrient levels	1–21 day	22–42 day
Corn	60.80	62.55	ME (MJ/kg)	12.55	13.13
Soybean meal	30.00	27.50	Crude protein (%)	21.00	19.00
Corn gluten meal	3.00	2.00	Ether extract (%)	4.50	6.95
Soybean oil	2.00	4.00	Crude fibre (%)	2.20	2.20
Limestone	1.60	1.60	Crude ash (%)	5.60	4.49
CaHPO4	1.30	1.30	Calcium (%)	1.02	1.00
NaCl	0.30	0.30	Total phosphorus (%)	0.55	0.53
Lysine	0.35	0.20	Digestible tryptophan (%)	0.24	0.22
Methionine	0.20	0.10	Digestible methionine (%)	0.52	0.39
Mildew preventive	0.08	0.08	Digestible Lysine (%)	1.27	1.08
Antioxidant	0.06	0.06	Digestible threonine (%)	0.78	0.72
Premix^a	0.23	0.23
Total	100.00	100.00

^aPremix provided the following per kg of the diet: vitamin A, 6500 IU; vitamin D₃, 3000 IU; vitamin E, 80 IU; vitamin K, 5 mg; vitamin B₁, 4 mg; vitamin B₂, 5.5 mg; vitamin B₆, 5 mg; niacin, 30 mg; pantothenic acid, 12 mg; folic acid, 1 mg; Mn, 80 mg; Fe, 110 mg; Cu, 12 mg; Zn, 70 mg; I, 0.4 mg; Se, 0.2 mg.

ME: metabolic energy.

Table 2. Effects of dietary supplementation Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) on the intestinal morphology of broilers at 42 days of age.

	XOS mg/kg^c
Items	0	150	300	450	SEM^d	p-Value
Duodenum
Villus height (μm)	1253.2^b	1687.9^a	1507.9^ab	1433.2^ab	162.0	0.028
Crypt depth (μm)	173.9	175.9	170.9	183.5	19.22	0.531
V/C	7.61	9.84	8.84	8.12	1.74	0.235
Jejunum
Villus height (μm)	1239.0^b	1726.7^a	1429.7^ab	1411.1^ab	151.5	0.012
Crypt depth (μm)	184.1	169.9	157.2	176.1	27.34	0.353
V/C	6.76^b	10.23^a	9.37^ab	8.29^ab	1.39	0.037
Ileum
Villus height (μm)	971.1^b	1252.3^a	1136.4^ab	1094.0^ab	97.01	0.020
Crypt depth (μm)	175.7	175.5	159.8	157.3	23.05	0.447
V/C	5.76	7.16	7.14	6.99	0.77	0.105

^a,bIn the same row, values with the same or no letter superscripts means no significantly difference (p > 0.05), while values with the different letter superscripts means significantly difference (p < 0.05).

^cBasal diet supplementation with 0, 150, 300, and 450 mg/kg XOS.

^dSEM: standard error of mean.

^dSEM: standard error of mean.

V/C: villus height to crypt depth.

Figure 1. Effects of dietary Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) supplementation on the faecal ammonia release of broilers at 21 and 42 days of age. Basal diet supplementation with 0, 150, 300, and 450 mg/kg XOS. Values are mean ± standard error of mean. Values with different letters superscript have significantly difference.

Table 3. Effects of dietary Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) supplementation on the serum biochemical parameters of broilers at 21 and 42 days of age.

		XOS mg/kg^c
Items		0	150	300	450	SEM^d	p-Value
21 days	TP (g/L)	22.37^bc	25.97^ab	20.17^c	27.33^a	1.83	0.013
	UA (umol/L)	376.67	269.33	417.33	219.0	105.7	0.098
	UN (mmol/L)	0.38	0.41	0.50	0.33	0.072	0.060
42 days	TP (g/L)	27.28	26.58	31.05	31.70	3.73	0.194
	UA (umol/L)	418.50	330.50	472.25	430.25	85.34	0.123
	UN (mmol/L)	0.39	0.38	0.34	0.43	0.05	0.123

^a,bIn the same row, values with the same or no letter superscripts means no significantly difference (p > 0.05), while values with the different letter superscripts means significantly difference (p < 0.05).

^cBasal diet supplementation with 0, 150, 300, and 450 mg/kg XOS.

^dSEM: standard error of mean.

TP: total protein; UA: uric acid; UN: urea nitrogen.

Table 4. Effects of dietary Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) supplementation on the nitrogen metabolism of broilers from day 19 to 21 and from day 40 to 42.

		XOS mg/kg^c
Items		0	150	300	450	SEM^d	p-Value
19–21 days	Nitrogen intake (g/day)	1.98	2.10	2.16	2.02	0.193	0.391
	Nitrogen excretion (g/day)	0.70	0.62	0.74	0.63	0.053	0.052
	Nitrogen utilisation (%)	64.49^b	70.48^a	65.38^b	68.63^ab	1.79	0.010
40–42 days	Nitrogen intake (g/day)	5.29	4.73	4.93	5.07	0.439	0.236
	Nitrogen excretion (g/day)	2.10^a	1.54^b	1.71^ab	1.74^ab	0.202	0.025
	Nitrogen utilisation (%)	60.36^b	67.34^a	65.27^a	65.70^a	1.99	0.008

^a,bIn the same row, values with the same or no letter superscripts means no significantly difference (p > 0.05), while values with the different letter superscripts means significantly difference (p < 0.05).

^cBasal diet supplementation with 0, 150, 300, and 450 mg/kg XOS.

^dSEM: standard error of mean.

Figure 2. Effects of dietary Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) supplementation on the antioxidant parameters in serum of broilers at 21 and 42 days of age. Basal diet supplementation with 0, 150, 300, and 450 mg/kg XOS. Values are mean ± standard error of mean. Values with different letters superscript have significantly difference.

Table 5. Effects of dietary Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) supplementation on the immune organ indices of broilers at 42 days of age (g/kg).

	XOS mg/kg^c
Items	0	150	300	450	SEM^d	p-Value
Thymus index	2.65^b	3.31^ab	3.24^ab	4.24^a	0.465	0.003
Spleen index	1.12	0.96	1.08	1.01	0.120	0.207
Liver index	21.12	21.20	22.26	22.83	1.18	0.163
Bursa of Fabricius index	2.00	2.05	1.90	2.35	0.258	0.098

^a,bIn the same row, values with the same or no letter superscripts means no significantly difference (p > 0.05), while values with the different letter superscripts means significantly difference (p < 0.05).

^cBasal diet supplementation with 0, 150, 300, and 450 mg/kg XOS.

^dSEM: standard error of mean.