Effects of dietary supplementation of Amla, Chicory and Leek extracts on growth performance, immunity and blood biochemical parameters of broilers

Figures & data

Table 1. Chemical composition of herbal extracts.

Herb	References
Dried Amla fruits
Moisture % 6.53 Fat 0.42 mg/100 g Ascorbic acid 3339.88 mg/100 g Fe 53.87 mg/100 g Ca 64.0 mg/100 g P 9.16 mg/100 g	Mishra et al. (2009), Dasaroju and Gottumukkala (2014).
Chicory extract (g/100 g)
Crude fibre 4.01 Carbohydrates 4.70 Crude protein 1.70 Ether extract 0.30 Metabolisable energy (kcal) 23.0 Mineral analysis (g/100 g) Magnesium 30.0 Phosphorus 47.0 Calcium 100 Zinc 0.33 Sodium 45.0 Iron 0.90 Vitamin analysis Vitamin A (:g) 286 Vitamin E (mg) 2.26 Vitamin K (µg) 296 Vitamin C (mg) 22.0 Vitamin B1 (mg) 0.06 Vitamin B2 (mg) 0.01 Vitamin B3 (mg) 0.05 Vitamin B5 (mg) 1.16 Vitamin B6 (mg) 0.11 Vitamin B9 (µg) 10	Saeed et al. (2017)
Leek extract
Moisture 8.78 g/100 g Crude protein 8.5 g/100 g Crude oils 6.5 g/100 g Crude fibres 23.82 g/100 g ASH 15.9 g/100 g Total CHO 45.28 g/100 g Minerals (mg/100g) Potassium 1045.58 Phosphorus 350.85 Magnesium 220.10 Calcium 1200.13 Sodium 490.00 Micro‐elements Iron 60.51 Copper 1.40 Zinc 6.40 Manganese 13.72 Total polyphenols 910.25 mg/100g Flavonoids 371 mg/100g Tannins 104.24 mg/100g	Abd El‐Rehem and Ali (2013)

Table 2. Basal diet formulation.

Chemical analysis	Starter (1 day–21 days)	Grower (22–42 days)
CP %	23.12	20.99
ME (Kcal/kg)	3001.00	3180.00
Calcium %	0.99	0.89
Potassium %	0.54	0.52
Available phosphorus	0.51	0.46
Digestible meth + Cys %	0.93	0.89
Digestible lysine %	1.43	1.24
Digestible methionine %	0.59	0.52
Digestible arginine %	1.25	1.07
Digestible tryptophan %	0.19	0.17
Composition:
Yellow corn %	54.10	58.70
Soybean meal (44% protein) %	34.50	29.50
Corn germ (60% protein) %	5.50	5.50
Di calcium phosphate %	2.00	1.75
Limestone %	1.08	0.95
Soya oil %	1.80	2.30
NaCl %	0.30	0.30
Lysine (98 %) %	0.29	0.24
Methionine (88%) %	0.20	0.18
Premix %	0.30	0.30

Notes: Each kg of diet provides Vit. A: 12,000 IU, Vit. D3: 5000 IU, Vit. E: 130.0 mg, Vit. K3: 3.61 mg, Vit. B1: 3.0 mg, Vit. B2: 8.0 mg, Vit. B6: 4.95 mg, Vit. B12: 0.17 mg, Niacin: 60.0 mg, Folic acid: 2.08 mg, D‐Biotin: 200.0 mg, calcium D‐Pantothenate: 18.33 mg, Copper: 80.0 mg, Iodine: 2.0 mg, Selenium: 150.0 mg, Iron: 80.0 mg, Manganese: 100.0 mg, Zinc: 80.0 mg, Cobalt: 500.0 mg. 2 Calculated according to NRC 1994. 

CP: crude protein; ME: metabolizable energy; NaCl: sodium chloride.

Table 3. Mean ± standard error of the effect of Amla, Chicory and Leek extracts on body weight, total feed intake, total weight gain, total feed conversion, mortality % and carcase traits of broilers subjected to heat stress.

Parameters	Control	Amla extract	Chicory extract	Leek extract	p Value
0-day weight (g)	42.20 ± 0.22	42.60 ± 0.51	42.40 ± 0.26	42.18 ± 0.21	.774
21-day weight (g)	866.60 ± 10.28^c	938.20 ± 3.34^a	945.40 ± 3.61^a	902.40 ± 4.55^b	≥.0010
42-day weight (g)	2304.40 ± 4.08^c	2323.40 ± 3.14^b	2366.20 ± 5.94^a	2308.00 ± 4.99^c	≥.0010
Total weight gain	2262.20 ± 4.18^c	2280.80 ± 2.65^b	2323.80 ± 5.90^a	2265.82 ± 5.11^c	≥.0001
Total feed intake (g)	3734.60 ± 3.61^a	3667.40 ± 6.58^c	3666.00 ± 6.96^c	3690.40 ± 10.90^b	≥.0010
Total FCR	1.65 ± 0.01a	1.61 ± 0.00^c	1.58 ± 0.01^d	1.63 ± 0.01^b	≥.0001
Mortality %	6.40 ± 0.31^a	2.00 ± 0.19^c	2.00 ± 0.10^c	3.20 ± 0.17^b	≥.0001
Dressing %	68.83 ± 0.23^d	74.37 ± 0.31^a	73.71 ± 0.43^a	72.17 ± 0.83^b	≥.0001
Liver %	4.03 ± 0.15	4.29 ± 0.21	4.30 ± 0.18	4.13 ± 0.12	.6150
Gizzard %	2.94 ± 0.11	2.89 ± 0.13	2.93 ± 0.15	2.88 ± 0.13	.9110
Heart %	0.84 ± 0.03	0.87 ± 0.05	0.89 ± 0.02	0.87 ± 0.03	.4450
Spleen %	0.19 ± 0.02	0.21 ± 0.03	0.20 ± 0.01	0.20 ± 0.02	1.0300
Abdominal fat %	2.79 ± 0.11^a	1.86 ± 0.24^b	1.68 ± 0.10^b	1.65 ± 0.10^b	≥.0001
Breast %	23.30 ± 0.71b	26.97 ± 0.88^a	26.88 ± 0.95^a	26.34 ± 0.85^a	.0230
Thigh %	15.52 ± 0.48	15.68 ± 0.64	15.35 ± 0.87	16.95 ± 0.59	.3400
Shoulder %	3.75 ± 0.29	3.97 ± 0.19	4.03 ± 0.23	4.00 ± 0.31	.3280
Left filet %	9.67 ± 0.35^b	10.90 ± 0.22^b	11.13 ± 0.77^ab	11.80 ± 0.53^a	≥.0500

Note: Means ± standard error carry different superscripts within the same raw were significantly different.

Table 4. Mean ± standard error of the effect of Amla, Chicory and Leek extracts on serum biochemical parameters of broilers subjected to heat stress.

Parameters	Control	Amla extract	Chicory extract	Leek extract	p Value
Meat cholesterol	141.20 ± 5.39^a	85.05 ± 9.02^c	87.16 ± 5.94^c	101.87 ± 10.22^b	≥.0010
Meat triacylglycerol	115.56 ± 6.23^a	89.15 ± 8.37^b	75.33 ± 6.51^c	103.04 ± 5.77^ab	.0040
Serum total lipids	683.89 ± 18.54^a	505.47 ± 26.19^b	561.63 ± 31.83^b	575.02 ± 22.38^b	≥.0001
Serum triacylglycerol	185.44 ± 6.26^a	116.57 ± 3.37^d	136.79 ± 6.29^c	156.01 ± 2.66^b	.0010
Serum cholesterol	171.14 ± 5.74^a	122.87 ± 6.76^b	144.93 ± 13.80^b	138.30 ± 2.30^b	.0070

Note: Means ± standard error carry different superscripts within the same raw were significantly different.

Table 5. Mean ± standard error of the effect of Amla, Chicory and Leek extracts on liver and kidney function of broilers subjected to heat stress.

Parameters	Control	Amla extract	Chicory extract	Leek extract	p Value
Urea	5.76 ± 0.05^a	5.12 ± 0.04^bc	5.07 ± 0.04^c	5.24 ± 0.05^b	≥.0001
Creatinine	0.62 ± 0.01^a	0.39 ± 0.02^c	0.37 ± 0.01^c	0.46 ± 0.02^b	≥.0001
ALT	27.20 ± 0.49^a	18.60 ± 0.81^c	17.00 ± 0.71^c	21.00 ± 0.55^b	≥.0001
AST	114.00 ± 0.71^a	89.60 ± 6.41^bc	79.60 ± 0.51^c	95.60 ± 3.04^b	≥.0001
LDH	397.60 ± 8.84^a	326.60 ± 3.41^b	320.40 ± 1.89^b	333.40 ± 2.25^b	≥.0001

Note: Means ± standard error carry different superscripts within the same raw were significantly different. ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase.

Table 6. Mean ± standard error of the effect of Amla, Chicory and Leek extracts on antioxidant parameters and oxidative stress enzymes of broilers subjected to heat stress.

Parameters	Control	Amla extract	Chicory extract	Leek extract	p Value
MDA	3.65 ± 0.10^a	2.32 ± 0.04^b	2.06 ± 0.05^c	2.22 ± 0.07^b	≥.0001
GPx	16.80 ± 0.37^c	23.00 ± 0.71^b	25.60 ± 0.81^a	23.20 ± 0.86^b	≥.0001
SOD	58.40 ± 0.93^c	77.80 ± 0.66^b	84.00 ± 1.30^a	78.20 ± 1.66^b	≥.0001
Catalase	2.52 ± 0.03^a	1.99 ± 0.05b	1.90 ± 0.07b	2.05 ± 0.10b	≥.0001
CRP	2.56 ± 0.04^a	2.26 ± 0.09^b	1.73 ± 0.12^c	1.91 ± 0.10^c	≥.0001
SAA	295.40 ± 3.56^a	221.00 ± 5.06^b	192.40 ± 6.77^c	212.80 ± 1.88^b	≥.0001
TRF	1.89 ± 0.01^a	1.70 ± 0.04^b	1.71 ± 0.04^b	1.77 ± 0.03^b	.005

Notes: Means ± standard error carry different superscripts within the same raw were significantly different. MDA: malondialdehyde; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; SOD: superoxide dismutase; CRP: C-reactive protein; SAA: serum amyloid A; TRF: transferrin.

Table 7. Mean ± standard error of the effect of Amla, Chicory and Leek extracts on total and differential leukocytes count and phagocytic index and activity of broilers subjected to heat stress.

Parameter	Control	Amla extract	Chicory extract	Leek extract	p value
WBCS	23.60 ± 0.07^c	23.92 ± 0.05^bc	24.91 ± 0.21^a	24.19 ± 0.07^b	≥.0001
Phagocytic index	1.18 ± 0.06^b	1.55 ± 0.05^a	1.49 ± 0.08^a	1.41 ± 0.04^a	.0030
Phagocytic activity	14.28 ± 0.10^d	16.24 ± 0.16^a	16.28 ± 0.21^a	15.14 ± 0.16^c	≥.0001
Eosinophil %	8.10 ± 0.04^c	8.32 ± 0.06^b	8.56 ± 0.04^a	8.26 ± 0.09^bc	≥.0010
Lymphocytes %	34.96 ± 0.14^b	36.32 ± 0.24^a	36.38 ± 0.23^a	35.74 ± 0.44^ab	.0090
Heterophils %	23.34 ± 0.12^b	23.74 ± 0.09^a	23.30 ± 0.08^b	23.28 ± 0.12^b	.0200
Basophils %	1.07 ± 0.01	1.10 ± 0.01	1.08 ± 0.01	1.08 ± 0.00	.0600
Monocytes %	5.36 ± 0.11^b	5.34 ± 0.07^b	5.68 ± 0.09^a	5.40 ± 0.04^b	.0280

Notes: Means ± standard error carry different superscripts within the same raw were significantly different. WBCS: white blood cells.

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