Effects of dietary extrusion on the performance and apparent ileal digestion of broilers: a meta-analysis

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flow chart of the literature selection process according to PRISMA protocols.

Table 1. Studies selected for the meta-analysis.

No.	Study	Broiler	Extruded ingredient	Percentage of usage	Process extrusion temperature	Basal diet	Broiler Phase	No	Study	Broiler	Extruded Ingredient	Percentage of usage	Process Extrusion Temperature	Basal Diet	Broiler Phase
1	Amornthewaphat et al. (2005)	Ross × Ross	Corn	25%	108–115 °C	Corn–soy bean meal–rice bran–fish meal	Starter (1–21 day)	17	Meyer and Bobeck (2021)	Ross 308	Soybean Meal	47.00%	160 °C/15s	Soybean Meal +  extruded Corn	Overall (0–42day)
2	Arija et al. (2006)	Cobb	Kidney bean	10%	150 °C	Corn–soy bean meal	Starter (1–21 day)	18	Ramiah et al. (2019)	Cobb 500	Palm Kernel Cake	25%	178 °C	Corn–Soybean Meal	Grower (21–39day)
3	Avazkhanloo et al. (2020)	Ross-308	Flaxseed	20%	(132 ± 2 °C)/20s	Maize–soy bean meal	Starter (1–28 day)	19	Rutkowski et al. (2016)	Ross 308	Yellow Lupine Seed	30%	135 ± 10 °C	Maize–soyabeanmeal– Rapeseed	Starter (0–14 day)
4	De Vries et al. (2014)	Ross 308	Rapeseed meal	35%	30–120 °c	Maize–wheat–fishmeal with pectolytic enzyme	Starter (14–25 day)	20	Smulikowska et al. (2006)	NA	Rapeseed Meal	15%	120–130 °C/20s	Wheat–Soybean meal–maize	Finisher (22–42 day)
5	Diaz et al. (2006)	ROSS	Pea seed	35.3% 10d −35.6% 28d	Na	Corn–soy bean meal	Starter (1–21 day)	21	Sousa et al. (2021)	Cobb 500	Corn	53%	150 °C	Corn–Soybean meal	Starter (1–7 day)
6	Edwards et al. (1999)	Ross ’ Ross	Corn-soy bean meal	100%	130 °C/35s	Corn–soy bean meal	Starter (1–16 day)	22	Sousa et al. (2021)	Cobb 500	Corn–Soy Bean Meal	100%	150 °C	Corn–Soy Bean Meal	Prestarter (1–7 day)
7	Hejdysz et al. (2017)	Ross 308	Pea seed	50%	135 ± 10 °C/10s	Maize–soybean	Overall (1–35day)	23	Vranjes and Wenk (1995)	Ross	Barley	40%	130 °C	Maize–Soybean Meal– Fishmeal–Meatbone Meal (with enzyme)	Grower (21–39 day)
8	Hejdysz et al. (2018)	Ross 308	Narrow-leafed lupin seeds	5%	135 ± 10 °C/10s	Maize–soybean	Starter (1–14day)	24	Zhaleh et al. (2019)	Ross 308	Flaxseed	5%	155 °C /20s	Corn–soybean meal	Finisher (29–42 day)
9	Hejdysz et al. (2019)	Ross 308	Faba beans	30%	135 ± 10 °C/10s	Maize–soybean	Overall (1–35day)	25	Anjum et al. (2013)	Hubbard strain	Flaxseed	5%	80–120 °C	Corn–soybean meal	Starter (1–7 day)
10	Henry et al. (1996)	Peterson ×  arbour Acres	Cottonseed meal	20%	150 °C	Corn–Soybean meal + 2% lys	Starter (7–21day)	26	Brenes et al. (2008)	Cobb 502	Chickpea seed	30%	150ºc	Corn–soybean meal	Starter (0–21 day)
11	Jahanian and Rasouli (2016)	Ross 308	Soybean meal	40%	150 °C/15s	Corn–soybean meal	Starter (1–14day)	27	Son and Ravindran (2012)	Ross 308	White Lupins Seed	25%	140 °C	Corn–soybean Meal	Starter (0–21 day)
12	Kidd et al. (2005)	Cobb 500	Corn-soy bean meal	100%	Na	Corn–soy bean meal	Starter (1–18day)	28	Hakim et al. (2020)	Cobb 500 male	PKM	25%	80–100C	Corn–Soybean Meal	Starter (7–21 day)
13	Konieczka et al. (2014)	Ross 308	Pea seed	10%	110–160 °C/10s	Soybean meal–wheat–maize	Starter (8–15day)	29	Ahmed et al. (2014)	(Cobb 500)	Canola Meal	30%	160 °C	Corn–Soybean Meal – Canola Meal
14	Konieczka et al. (2020)	Ross 308	Faba beans	30%	135–150 °C/10s	Soybean–wheat (reduce p, ca, aa + phy)	Overall (8–35day)	30	Moritz et al. (2005)	Ross × Ross	Corn	33%	108–115 °C	Corn–Soy Bean Meal–Rice Bran–Fish Meal	Grower (2.5 week)
15	Liermann et al. (2019)	Ross 308	Soybean meal- wheat-maize	100%	130 °C/8s	Soybean meal–wheat–maize	Overall (0–35day)
16	Marsman et al. (1997)	Ross 308	Soybean meal	38.20%	120 °C shear level 4	Corn–soybean	Starter (7––25 day)

Table 2. Meta-analysis of the effects of feed ingredients extrusion on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of broiler.

			Cumulative effect size			Standard error	p–value	τ^2	Q	Het.p–value	I^2
	Unit	NC	Estimate	Lower bound	Upper bound
Variable performance
Weight gain	g	135	0.145	0.052	0.238	0.047	0.002	0.267	2144.146	<0.001	93.75
Feed intake	g	132	–0.024	–0.131	0.082	0.054	0.654	0.35	2455.765	<0.001	94.666
FCR	Ratio	150	–0.253	–0.366	–0.14	0.058	<0.001	0.453	3572.505	<0.002	95.829
Variable digestibility
Dry matter digestibility	%	14	1.015	0.192	1.839	0.42	0.016	2.033	169.923	<0.001	92.439
Crude protein digestibility	%	30	0.916	0.459	1.372	0.233	<0.001	1.293	208.453	<0.001	86.088
Crude fat digestibility	%	14	2.04	1.155	2.945	0.452	<0.001	2.271	178.446	<0.001	92.75
Apparent metabolisable Energy	MJ per Kg	23	1.56	0.787	2.333	0.394	<0.001	2.792	248.088	<0.001	91.132
Variable amino acid
Ala	%	13	0.779	0.216	1.343	0.287	0.007	0.724	47.289	<0.001	74.624
Arg	%	16	0.514	–0.252	1.279	0.39	0.188	1.892	115.344	<0.001	86.995
Asp	%	13	0.933	–0.046	1.912	0.499	0.062	2.608	114.281	<0.001	89.5
Cys	%	11	0.429	–0.119	0.977	0.28	0.125	0.535	32.717	<0.001	69.435
Glu	%	12	0.389	–0.108	0.887	0.254	0.125	0.44	30.616	0.001	64.071
Gly	%	14	–0.015	–0.797	0.768	0.399	0.971	1,844	103.268	<0.001	87.411
His	%	13	0.131	–0.539	0.802	0.342	0.701	1.119	60.717	<0.001	80.236
Ile	%	17	0.688	–0.187	1.563	0.446	0.123	2.857	156.045	<0.001	89.747
Iso	%	11	0.582	–0.046	1.209	0.32	0.069	0.694	31.139	<0.001	67.886
Leu	%	16	0.815	0.325	1.304	0.25	0.001	0.627	49.204	<0.001	69.515
Lys	%	17	0.47	–0.064	1.005	0.273	0.085	0.916	72.483	<0.001	77.926
Met	%	15	0.782	0.042	1.522	0.377	0.038	1.72	91.468	<0.001	84.699
Phe	%	16	0.884	0.227	1.54	0.335	0.008	1.367	82.773	<0.001	81.878
Pro	%	13	0.381	–0.348	1.109	0.372	0.306	1.437	76.515	<0.001	84.317
Ser	%	14	0.355	–0.626	1.336	0.5	0.478	2.842	135.268	<0.001	90.389
Thr	%	16	0.778	0.257	1.298	0.266	0.003	0.774	55.77	<0.001	73.104
Try	%	6	1.129	0.146	2.112	0.502	0.024	0.96	15.815	0.007	68.384
Tyr	%	11	1.458	0.822	2.093	0.324	<0.001	0.759	39.324	<0.001	74.57
Val	%	13	0.765	0.068	1.462	0.356	0.032	1.232	62.889	<0.002	80.919

Doc: document; N: number of data; Std. error: standard error; τ²: variance of the effect size parameters across the study populations; Q: weighted sum of squared deviations; Het P-Value: P-value for heterogeneity; I²: heterogeneity level between studies; ADG: average daily gain; DMI: dry matter intake; DM digestion: dry matter digestion; OM digestion: organic matter digestion; CP digestion: crude protein digestion; NDF digestion: neutral detergent fibre digestion; ADF digestion: acid detergent fibre digestion; g/d: gram/d

Figure 2. Forest plot of the effects extruded and unextruded feed ingredients on performance (a), nutrient digestibility, and amino acid digestibility (c) of broiler chickens.

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Data availability statement

The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.