The effects of betaine and nano-emulsified plant-oil supplementation on growth performance and serum biochemistry indices of heat-stressed broiler chickens

Figures & data

Table 1. Composition of experimental diets and nutrients analysis as a fed %

INGREDIENTS	Starter (0-10 d)	Grower (11-20 d)	Finisher (21-35 d)
Corn Grain	57.650	61.320	60.640
Soybean Meal48 % CP*	35.440	31.790	30.480
Palm Oil	2.060	2.610	4.630
Dicalcium phosphate	1.920	1.730	1.420
Limestone	1.060	0.960	1.420
Common Salt	0.360	0.360	0.350
L-Threonine	0.300	0.120	0.070
Methionine	0.380	0.330	0.28
L Lysine HCl	0.280	0.220	0.15
Choline Cl70	0.060	0.060	0.060
Minivet premix 0.5%**	0.500	0.500	0.500
Nutrients	Analysis
Dry Matter %age	89.614	89.576	85.664
ME kcal/kg	3000	3070	3200
Crude Protein %	22.400	20.700	19.500
Arginine %	1.520	1.399	1.273
Lysine %	1.435	1.290	1.131
Methionine %	0.711	0.641	0.566
Methionine + Cysteine %	1.080	0.990	0.882
Threonine %	1.143	0.900	0.803
Tryptophan %	0.277	0.254	0.228
Valine %	1.017	0.951	0.901
Ether extract	4.601	5.256	7.236
Linoleic acid %	1.597	1.714	4.496
Crude Fiber%	2.650	2.589	2.523
Calcium %	0.960	0.870	0.937
Total Phosphorus	0.713	0.663	0.625
Available Phosphorus %	0.480	0.440	0.400
Sodium %	0.160	0.160	0.160

*CP: crude protein ** Minivet Premix 0.5% provided Mineral and vitamins as the following per kg of the diets: Vitamin A 12000IU/Kg, Vitamin D3 3000 IU/Kgm vitamin E, 80,000 IU; vitamin K3, 3,200 mg; vitamin B1, 3,200 mg; vitamin B2, 8,600 mg; vitamin B3, 65,000 mg; vitamin B6, 4,300 mg; pantothenic acid, 20,000 mg; biotin 220 mg; vitamin B12, 17 mg; vitamin B9, 2,200 mg; antioxidant (BHT + BHA  ), 50,000 mg, calcium 0.94-1%, Sodium 0.16-0.24%, Phophourse(Min) 0.5% .; copper, 16,000 mg; iodine, 1,250 mg; manganese, 120,000 mg; iron, 20,000 mg; and zinc, 110,000 mg; and selenium, 300 mg.

Table 2. Effects of water-supplementation of magic oil (MAGO), betaine (BET), and combination of the two (MAGOBET) on performance indices of heat-stressed broiler chickens at 21–35 d.

			Treatments			Standard error	p-value
Parameters		Control	BET	MAGO	MAGOBET
	ADG (g)	66.540	65.850	65.350	65.430	1.940	.971
Days 21–28	DFI (g)	128.400	126.200	129	123.700	2.080	.306
	FCR (g: g)	1.930	1.920	1.980	1.900	0.050	.643
	ADG (g)	74.360	86.340	77.750	88.010	4.350	.116
Days 28–35	DFI (g)	140.800	139.100	140.800	141	4.960	.992
	FCR (g: g)	1.910^a	1.610^b	1.730^a,b	1.610^b	0.070	.018
	ADG (g)	75.640	82.120	77.620	82.880	2.870	.256
Days 21–35	DFI (g)	134.600	132.600	134.900	132.400	3.250	.922
	FCR (g: g)	1.790^a	1.620^b,c	1.740^a,b	1.600^c	0.050	.026
Day 35	BW (g)	2090.100	2121.600	2101.600	2184.800	46.370	.497

ADG: average daily gain; DFI: daily feed intake; FCR: feed conversion ratio; BW: body weight.

^a,bMeans with different superscripts in the same row differ significantly (p < .05).

Table 3. Effects of water-supplementation of magic oil (MAGO), betaine (BET), and combination of the two (MAGOBET) on serum blood proteins and glucose levels of heat-stressed broiler chickens at day 35.

Parameters	Treatments				Standard error	p-value
	Control	BET	MAGO	MAGOBET
Total protein (g/dL)	2.9000^b	2.8400^b	4.0100^a	3.7000^a	0.1700	<.0001
Albumin (A) (g/dL)	1.6500^b	1.5300^b	2.0400^a	2.0900^a	0.1000	.0002
Globulin (G) (g/dL)	1.2500^c	1.3100^c	1.9600^a	1.6100^b	0.1000	<.0001
Albumin: globulin ratio	1.4100	1.3400	1.0700	1.3300	0.1200	.1950
Glucose (mg/dL)	139.5500^a	132.0500^a,b	122.9700^b	141.0400^a	4.7300	.0350

^a,b,cMeans with different superscripts in the same row differ significantly (p < .05).

Table 4. Effects of water-supplementation of magic oil (MAGO), betaine (BET), and combination of the two (MAGOBET) on lipids profile of heat-stressed broiler chickens at day 35.

Parameters (mg/dL)	Treatments				Standard error	p value
	Control	BET	MAGO	MAGOBET
Total lipids	322.9000^♣,a	292.4000^a,b	245.3000^b	251.9000^b	19.1600	.0180
Triglycerides	83.7300^a,b	77.4800^b	87.7600^a	88.5300^a	2.8500	.0320
Cholesterol	129.5300^b	122.5900^b	167.6400^a	141.4100^b	8.0600	.0010
HDL-C	80.5400^b	69.3400^b	102.9800^a	69.8900^b	5.6800	.0002
LDL-C	32.2400^b	37.7500^a,b	47.1100^a,b	53.8200^a	5.5700	.0390

HDL-C: high-densitylipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; ^♣ n = 16 birds.

^a,bMeans with different superscripts in the same row differ significantly (p < .05).

Table 5. Effects of water-supplementation of magic oil (MAGO), betaine (BET), and combination of the two (MAGOBET) on kidney function and liver enzymes of heat-stressed broiler chickens at day 35.

Parameters	Treatments				Standard error	p-value
	Control	BET	MAGO	MAGOBET
Kidney function
Urea (mg/dL)	7.860	7.140	7.150	8.320	0.360	.061
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.820^a	0.590^b	0.510^b	0.660^a,b	0.060	.004
Liver enzymes
AST (U/L)	22.750	21.490	21.820	21.130	0.510	.151
ALT (U/L)	206.720	209.890	208.600	213.260	5.570	.865
ALP (U/L)	427.290	431.150	416.280	401.980	9.620	.148

ALT: alanine transaminase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALP: alkaline phosphatase. n = 16 birds.

^a,bMeans with different superscripts in the same row differ significantly (p < .05).

Data availability statement

The results and analyses presented in this paper freely available upon request.