Figures & data
Table 1. Descriptive statistics of farms characteristics and management traits (N = 28).
Table 2. Descriptive statistics of performance traits of dairy cows (N = 28).
Figure 1. Descriptive statistics of main constituents’ proportion and chemical composition of diets fed to lactating cows (N = 28) (Farms: n° of farms including the feeds category in the farm rations).
![Figure 1. Descriptive statistics of main constituents’ proportion and chemical composition of diets fed to lactating cows (N = 28) (Farms: n° of farms including the feeds category in the farm rations).](/cms/asset/07d421a8-bd38-48e2-9ee4-6a112030785e/tjas_a_2213254_f0001_c.jpg)
Figure 2. Raw means, standard deviations and hotspot analysis of impact categories per 1 kg fat- and protein-corrected milk (3.3% protein content, 4.0% fat content) for cereal-based dairy farms in Northern Italy (N = 28).
![Figure 2. Raw means, standard deviations and hotspot analysis of impact categories per 1 kg fat- and protein-corrected milk (3.3% protein content, 4.0% fat content) for cereal-based dairy farms in Northern Italy (N = 28).](/cms/asset/78728bc6-aa12-4e44-9b57-d08eca84df59/tjas_a_2213254_f0002_c.jpg)
Figure 3. Least squares means and p-values of the linear (L) and quadratic (Q) trends of some farm management traits – stocking rate class (dairy cows/ha farm agricultural area) (A–D); feed self-sufficiency rate class (% share of the dry matter feed intake produced on farm) (E–H) – on the impact categories values. Milk corrected to 3.3% protein content and 4.0% fat content.
![Figure 3. Least squares means and p-values of the linear (L) and quadratic (Q) trends of some farm management traits – stocking rate class (dairy cows/ha farm agricultural area) (A–D); feed self-sufficiency rate class (% share of the dry matter feed intake produced on farm) (E–H) – on the impact categories values. Milk corrected to 3.3% protein content and 4.0% fat content.](/cms/asset/8515d7e0-fc48-4f25-bca2-bdc79639e950/tjas_a_2213254_f0003_b.jpg)
Figure 4. Least squares means and p-values of the linear (L) and quadratic (Q) trends of characteristics of rations fed to lactating cows – cereals silages (% dry matter – DM – intake from silages on total DM intake) (A–D); dietary crude protein content (% DM) (E–H) – on the impact categories values. Milk corrected to 3.3% protein content and 4.0% fat content.
![Figure 4. Least squares means and p-values of the linear (L) and quadratic (Q) trends of characteristics of rations fed to lactating cows – cereals silages (% dry matter – DM – intake from silages on total DM intake) (A–D); dietary crude protein content (% DM) (E–H) – on the impact categories values. Milk corrected to 3.3% protein content and 4.0% fat content.](/cms/asset/d8444763-5576-425b-9ad0-b8be6e74c8a8/tjas_a_2213254_f0004_b.jpg)
Figure 5. Least squares means and p-values of the linear (L) and quadratic (Q) trends of dairy cows response traits – yield of fat- and protein-corrected milk (kg/cow/305-d lactation) (A–D); replacement rate (%) (E–H); age at the first calving (months) (I-L) – on the impact categories values. Milk corrected to 3.3% protein content and 4.0% fat content. LSmeans with different superscripts within row differ significantly (p value < 0.05).
![Figure 5. Least squares means and p-values of the linear (L) and quadratic (Q) trends of dairy cows response traits – yield of fat- and protein-corrected milk (kg/cow/305-d lactation) (A–D); replacement rate (%) (E–H); age at the first calving (months) (I-L) – on the impact categories values. Milk corrected to 3.3% protein content and 4.0% fat content. LSmeans with different superscripts within row differ significantly (p value < 0.05).](/cms/asset/948e86af-be46-49d0-8233-ff27067031a6/tjas_a_2213254_f0005_b.jpg)
Figure 6. Least squares means and p-value of the linear (L) and quadratic (Q) trends of farm management traits (stocking rate class: dairy cows/ha farm agricultural area (A–E); feed self-sufficiency rate class-SELF%: % share of the dry matter intake produced on farm; (F–J)) on performance traits of dairy cows.
![Figure 6. Least squares means and p-value of the linear (L) and quadratic (Q) trends of farm management traits (stocking rate class: dairy cows/ha farm agricultural area (A–E); feed self-sufficiency rate class-SELF%: % share of the dry matter intake produced on farm; (F–J)) on performance traits of dairy cows.](/cms/asset/61a323de-c0b2-40c6-9c9b-8ae90b352053/tjas_a_2213254_f0006_b.jpg)
Figure 7. Least squares means and p-value of the linear (L) and quadratic (Q) trends of characteristics of rations fed to lactating cows (cereals silages: dry matter – DM – intake from silages on total DM intake, % (A–E); dietary crude protein (CP) content: % DM, (F–J)) on performance traits of dairy cows.
![Figure 7. Least squares means and p-value of the linear (L) and quadratic (Q) trends of characteristics of rations fed to lactating cows (cereals silages: dry matter – DM – intake from silages on total DM intake, % (A–E); dietary crude protein (CP) content: % DM, (F–J)) on performance traits of dairy cows.](/cms/asset/6c80d1d1-81cf-4966-9692-eaf6d95c2a4a/tjas_a_2213254_f0007_b.jpg)
Supplemental Material
Download MS Word (94.2 KB)Data availability statement
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.