Effect of hulled Cannabis sativa L. seeds in a home-made diet for adult dogs

Figures & data

Table 1. Composition of the two experimental diets (CTRL and HEMP).

Ingredients (g/kg)	CTRL diet	HEMP diet
Beef^a	400	380
Potatoes with peel^a	400	400
Carrots	155	155
Seed oil	25	5
Salmon oil	10	10
Cannabis sativa L. seeds^b	0	40
Mineral supplementation^c	10	10

^aBeef and potatoes with peel were cooked ingredients.

^bSeeds of Cannabis sativa L. decorticated with a negligible level of tetrahydrocannabinol according to regulation (EC) n. 1782/2003.

^cVitamin A 150,000 IU/Kg, Vitamin D3 15,000 IU/Kg, Vitamin E 8,000 mg/Kg, Vitamin B1 100 mg/Kg, Vitamin B2 304 mg/Kg, Vitamin B6 80 mg/Kg, Vitamin B12 1.6 mg/Kg, niacinamide 800 mg/Kg, biotin 3 mg/Kg, choline chloride 80,000 mg/Kg, Vitamin C 4,000 mg/Kg, Vitamin K3 10 mg/Kg, folic acid 12 mg/Kg, D-Calcium pantothenate 880 mg/Kg, zinc chelate of glycine hydrate (solid) 5,761 mg/Kg (Zn 1,500 mg/Kg), manganese chelate of hydrate of glycine 579 mg/Kg (Mn 130 mg/Kg), iron chelate (II) of hydrate of glycine 3225 mg/Kg (Fe 750 mg/Kg), copper (II) chelate of hydrate of glycine (solid) 608 mg/Kg (Cu 150 mg/Kg), sodium selenite 2.2 mg/Kg (Se 1 mg/Kg), potassium iodide 45 mg/Kg (I 32 mg/Kg).

Table 2. Nutrient profile of experimental diet (% as fed). Data express the percentage of nutrients in the experimental diets.

	Experimental diet
Nutrient (%)	CTRL	HEMP
DM	26.27	27.86
CP	16.29	16.91
EE	6.67	6.22
CF	3.66	3.38
Ash	3.63	2.38
NFE	4.59	4.35

*NFE content was calculated by subtracting from the wet basis the content of water, crude protein, crude lipids, crude fibre and ash. Abbreviations: DM = dry matter; CP = crude protein; EE = ether extract; CF = crude fibre; NFE = nitrogen free extract.

Figure 1. Digestibility of experimental diets. The figure shows the result obtained from the in vitro digestibility of the two experimental diets. Data are shown as means and standard error. *An asterisk indicates statistically significant differences among the experimental diets (treatment p = .0353).

Figure 2. Body Conditional Score (BCS) and Percentage of Body Fat. (a) Body Conditional Score, evaluated at T0 and T2 for both experimental groups (CTRL and HEMP). (b) Percentage of body fat, calculated from morphometric measurements, at T0 and T2 for both experimental groups (CTRL and HEMP). Data are shown as means and standard error.

Figure 3. The figure shows the average weight of the experimental groups (CTRL and HEMP) at time points (T0 and T2). Data are shown as means and standard error.

Figure 4. Apparent digestibility. (a) Total apparent digestibility; (b) Protein apparent digestibility. Data are shown as means and standard error. Means followed by an asterisk with different superscripts are significantly different, *p < .0395, **p < .0032, ***p < .0010, ****p < .0001.

Figure 5. Oxidative status of serum. (a) Oxy test; (b) d-ROMS test. Data are shown as means and standard error. Means followed by an asterisk with different superscripts are significantly different, **p = .0011, ****p < .0001.

Figure 6. Boxplots of alpha-diversity indexes. Boxplots represent treatment by timepoint through four different indexes (Chao1; ACE; Shannon; Simpson) of gut microbiota of the two experimental groups (CTRL and HEMP).

Figure 7. Beta-diversity Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS). (a) Data clustered by treatment (p-value = .85374). (b) Data clustered by time point (p-value = .0092818). (c) Data clustered by treatment x time point (p-value = .77844).

Figure 8. Relative abundance (percentages) of phyla detected in both CTRL and HEMP groups at T0 and T2.

Figure 9. The taxa found on day 28 (T2) grouped into different phylogenetic levels with the relative abundance for each bacterial group. The intensity of the colour (from light yellow to burgundy red) is directly proportional to the statistical significance of the data.

Data availability

The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article [and/or] its supplementary materials.