Taurine-conjugated bile acids are the predominant form in hens and have potential impact on lipid metabolism in the liver

Figures & data

Table 1. The feed composition of pre-laying period.

Ingredients, % (as fed basis)	Starter (1–3 week-old)	Grower (4–8 week-old)	Developer (9–18 week-old)
Corn meal	61.90	58.73	61.17
Soybean, CP 43%	26.34	30.27	19.59
Soybean oil	0.04	0.73	0.62
DL-Methionine	0.16	0.16	0.00
Lysin- HCl, 78%	0.07	0.01	–
Threonine	0.00	–	–
Calcium carbonate	1.58	1.72	1.71
Monocalcium phosphate	0.94	1.40	0.95
Fish meal, CP 68%	5.00	–	–
Bran, CP 17%	3.00	6.00	15.00
Choline-Chloride 50%	0.15	0.15	0.15
Salt	0.30	0.30	0.30
Mineral premix^a	0.20	0.20	0.20
Vitamin premix^b	0.30	0.30	0.30
Total	100.00	100.00	100.00
Nutrient composition
CP, %	20	18.50	15.50
Ca, %	1.050	1.00	0.90
TP, %	0.750	0.70	0.58
AP, %	0.480	0.45	0.37
Met, %	0.520	0.46	0.31
Lys, %	1.180	1.01	0.66
ME, (kcal/kg)	2860	2800	2750

CP: crude protein; ME: Metabolisable Energy.

^aSupplied per kg of diet: Fe, 90 g; Zn, 90 g; Mn, 100 g; I, 1 g; Se, 0.15 g; Co, 0.25 g.

^bSupplied per kg of diet: Vit A, 50 MIU; Vit D₃, 10 MIU; Vit E, 75 KIU; Vit K₃ 20 g; Vit B₁, 10 g; Vit B₂ 30 g; Vit B₆, 20 g; Vit B₁₂, 0.1 g; Niacin, 200 g; Pantothenic acid, 60 g; Biotin, 0.1 g; Folic acid, 5 g.

Table 2. The feed composition of early period.

Ingredients, % (as fed basis)	Early period (18–22 week-old)
Corn meal	61.58
Soybean, CP 43%	29.64
Bran, CP 17%	0.67
DL-Methionine	0.14
Lysin- HCl, 78%	0.00
Calcium carbonate	5.76
Monocalcium phosphate	1.26
Choline-Chloride 50%	0.15
Salt	0.30
Mineral premix^a	0.20
Vitamin premix^b	0.30
Total	100
Nutrient composition
CP, %	17.50
Ca, %	2.50
TP, %	0.62
AP, %	0.40
Met, %	0.45
Lys, %	0.95
ME, (kcal/kg)	2749.73

^aSupplied per kg of diet: Fe, 90 g; Zn, 90 g; Mn, 100 g; I, 1 g; Se, 0.15; Co, 0.25 g.

^bSupplied per kg of diet: Vit A, 50 MIU; Vit D₃, 10 MIU; Vit E, 75 KIU; Vit K₃ 20 g; Vit B₁, 10 g; Vit B₂ 30 g; Vit B₆, 20 g; Vit B₁₂, 0.1 g; Niacin, 200 g; Pantothenic acid, 60 g; Biotin, 0.1 g; Folic acid, 5 g.

CP: crude protein; ME: metabolizable energy; TP: total phosphorus; AP: available phosphorus.

Table 3. The feed composition of peak period.

Ingredients, % (as fed basis)	Peak period (23–45 week-old)
Corn meal	51.94
Soybean, CP 43%	28.27
Soybean oil	3.05
DL-Methionine	0.11
Calcium carbonate	9.05
Monocalcium phosphate	1.14
Bran, CP 17%	5.50
Choline-Chloride 50%	0.15
Salt	0.30
Mineral premix^a	0.20
Vitamin premix^b	0.30
Total	100
Nutrient composition
CP, %	17.50
Ca, %	3.73
TP, %	0.62
AP, %	0.38
Met, %	0.40
Lys, %	0.92
ME, (kcal/kg)	2725

^aSupplied per kg of diet: Fe, 90 g; Zn, 90 g; Mn, 100 g; I, 1 g; Se, 0.15 g; Co, 0.25 g.

^bSupplied per kg of diet: Vit A, 50 MIU; Vit D₃, 10 MIU; Vit E, 75 KIU; Vit K₃ 20 g; Vit B₁, 10 g; Vit B₂ 30 g; Vit B₆, 20 g; Vit B₁₂, 0.1 g; Niacin, 200 g; Pantothenic acid, 60 g; Biotin, 0.1 g; Folic acid, 5 g.

Table 4. The feed composition of middle to later period.

Ingredients, % (as fed basis)	Middle to later period (46–75 week-old)
Corn meal	41.93
Soybean, CP 43%	24.77
Soybean oil	6.37
DL-Methionine	0.16
Calcium carbonate	9.81
Monocalcium phosphate	1.01
Bran, CP 17%	15.00
Choline-Chloride 50%	0.15
Salt	0.30
Mineral premix^a	0.20
Vitamin premix^b	0.30
Total	100
Nutrient composition
CP, %	16.40
Ca, %	4.00
TP, %	0.65
AP, %	0.37
Met, %	0.43
Lys, %	0.86
ME, (kcal/kg)	2725

^aSupplied per kg of diet: Fe, 90 g; Zn, 90 g; Mn, 100 g; I, 1 g; Se, 0.15 g; Co, 0.25 g.

^bSupplied per kg of diet: Vit A, 50 MIU; Vit D₃, 10 MIU; Vit E, 75 KIU; Vit K₃ 20 g; Vit B₁, 10 g; Vit B₂ 30 g; Vit B₆, 20 g; Vit B₁₂, 0.1 g; Niacin, 200 g; Pantothenic acid, 60 g; Biotin, 0.1 g; Folic acid, 5 g.

Table 5. The total bile acids concentration at various laying stages.

	16 week-old	22 week-old	34 week-old	74 week-old
total bile acid conc. (μmol/L)	21.18 ± 2.6^a	31.21 ± 2.5^ab	43.01 ± 3.2^bc	48.21 ± 6.0^c

Data are represented as mean ± SEM, n = 8.

Means within a row with different letters (a,b,c) differ significantly (p < .05).

Table 6. The specific bile acids concentration at various laying stages.

	16 weeks	22 weeks	34 weeks	74 weeks
Primary Bile acids (nM)
CA	37.0 ± 12.22^a	4.10 ± 1.43^b	8.55 ± 2.48^b	25.18 ± 6.58^ab
CDCA	170.5 ± 50.36^a	12.68 ± 3.18^b	35.43 ± 8.59^b	121.9 ± 33.84^ab
TCA	2000 ± 143.30	2907 ± 365.20	2887 ± 543.40	2394 ± 392.50
TCDCA	15394 ± 1235^a	21329 ± 1641^ab	23032 ± 2709^ab	27613 ± 2557^b
GCA	6.10 ± 0.27^a	2.50 ± 0.75^b	0.91 ± 0.25^b	0.88 ± 0.17^b
HCA	3.77 ± 0.76	0.46 ± 0.15	0.81 ± 0.38	3.78 ± 1.93
THCA	9.94 ± 1.41	9.36 ± 1.52	11.58 ± 3.00	15.24 ± 2.48
Secondary Bile acids (nM)
THDCA	70.65 ± 4.74	51.06 ± 5.03	71.08 ± 8.91	66.38 ± 11.15
TLCA	696.0 ± 199.5^0a	323.2 ± 103.6^ab	203.3 ± 65.54^b	65.76 ± 10.56^b
T-α-MCA	79.60 ± 8.51	72.76 ± 4.10	74.76 ± 20.60	77.27 ± 11.88
TDCA	14.84 ± 4.95^ab	33.05 ± 13.91^ab	51.59 ± 16.75^a	6.22 ± 1.31^b
5ß-Cholenic acid-7a-ol-3-one	4.51 ± 0.70^a	4.79 ± 0.39^a	4.76 ± 0.42^a	7.84 ± 1.17^b

Data are represented as mean ± SEM, n = 8. One-way ANOVA, means within a row with different letters (a, b) differ significantly (p < .05). TCA: taurocholic acid; T-α-MCA: tauro alpha-Muricholic acid sodium salt; THCA: taurohyocholic acid sodium salt; TDCA: taurodeoxycholic acid; TCDCA: taurochenodeoxycholic acid; THDCA: taurohyodeoxycholic acid; TLCA: taurolithocholic acid; GCA: lycocholic acid; HCA: hyocholic acid; CA: cholic acid; CDCA: chenodeoxycholic acid.

Figure 1. The effect of taurine-conjugated lithocholic acid on fat deposition in LMH cell. (A) Oil Red O staining (B) Quantification of Oil Red O. Data are represented as mean ± SEM, n = 4. LMH refers to a primary hepatocellular carcinoma epithelial cell line established in 1981 by Tomoyuki Kitagawa at the Cancer Institute, Kami-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

Figure 2. The effect of taurine-conjugated lithocholic acid on protein expression of SREBP1. n = 3.

Data availability statement

The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.