Effects of partially defatted larvae meal of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) on caecal microbiota and volatile compounds of Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata domestica)

Figures & data

Table 1. Growth performance of Muscovy ducks fed diets containing 0% (HI0), 3% (HI3), 6% (HI6) or 9% (HI9) of partially defatted black soldier larvae meal substituted for maize gluten meal (from Gariglio et al. 2021).

Item	HI0	HI3	HI6	HI9	SEM
Initial live weight (g)	71	70	73	72	0.60
Final live weight (g)	2,541	2,511	2,456	2,555	20.13
Average daily gain (ADG) (g/d)	52	52	52	53	0.43
Daily feed intake (DFI) (g/d)	121	121	118	121	1.20
Feed conversion ratio (FCR) (g/g)	2.29	2.34	2.32	2.30	0.019

Figure 1. Box plots of the alpha diversity indexes in caecal samples of Muscovy ducks fed diets containing 0% (HI0), 3% (HI3), 6% (HI6) or 9% (HI9) of partially defatted black soldier larvae meal substituted for maize gluten meal. Treatments without a common letter are statistically different by the Dwass-Steel-Critchlow-Fligner test for multiple comparisons at p < 0.05.

Figure 2. Relative abundance of bacterial phyla in caecal samples of Muscovy ducks fed diets containing 0% (HI0), 3% (HI3), 6% (HI6) or 9% (HI9) of partially defatted black soldier larvae meal substituted for maize gluten meal.

Figure 3. Relative abundance of bacterial genera in caecal samples of Muscovy ducks fed diets containing 0% (HI0), 3% (HI3), 6% (HI6) or 9% (HI9) of partially defatted black soldier larvae meal substituted for maize gluten meal. U.: unclassified.

Figure 4. Canonical discriminant plot. Observations correspond to caecal samples of Muscovy ducks fed diets containing 0% (HI0; orange dots), 3% (HI3; red dots), 6% (HI6; green dots) or 9% (HI9; blue dots) of partially defatted black soldier larvae meal substituted for maize gluten meal. Class means of each treatment are indicated by squares of the corresponding colour. The black lines indicate the contribution of each predictor to the separation of the groups in the discriminant functions (×3 rescaling for the sake of readability). DF: discriminant function (within parentheses proportion of total variance explained). U.: unclassified.

Table 2. Canonical discriminant analysis results.

	Pooled within standardised canonical coefficients		Total canonical structure
	DF1^a	DF2	DF1	DF2
Variables^b
U. m. Coriobacteriaceae	0.35	0.79	0.42	0.80
Faecalibacterium	0.79	−0.41	0.73	−0.03
Megamonas	0.57	−0.03	0.59	0.31
Ruminococcus	−0.60	0.09	−0.34	0.29
Streptococcus	−0.03	−0.50	−0.00	−0.58
U. m. Victivallaceae	0.61	−0.21	0.04	−0.53
Canonical details
Canonical correlation	0.75	0.61
Likelihood ratio test	p < 0.001	p < 0.01
Variance explained (%)	59.77	28.39
Class means^c
HI0	−0.31	1.05
HI3	0.28	0.35
HI6	1.51	−0.62
HI9	−1.49	−0.78

^a DF: discriminant function.

^b U.: unclassified.

^c Diets for Muscovy ducks containing 0% (HI0), 3% (HI3), 6% (HI6) or 9% (HI9) of partially defatted black soldier larvae meal substituted for maize gluten meal. The pooled within standardised canonical coefficients indicate the relative contribution of each variable to the separation of the groups in the DF. The total canonical structure indicates the correlations between the continuous variables and the DF.

Table 3. Effects of diets containing 0% (HI0), 3% (HI3), 6% (HI6) or 9% (HI9) of partially defatted black soldier larvae meal substituted for maize gluten meal on the caecal volatile compounds of Muscovy ducks.

Volatile compounds	HI0	HI3	HI6	HI9	SEM
Aldehydes
Benzaldehyde	5.74	5.60	5.77	6.04	0.072
Benzeneacetaldehyde	4.52	4.53	4.52	4.83	0.062
Butanal	4.37	4.81	4.15	5.12	0.149
Hexanal	5.43^ab	5.95^ab	5.06^b	6.44^a	0.16
Propanal	4.35	4.49	4.39	4.88	0.136
2-Methylbutanal	4.52	5.05	3.80	5.45	0.206
2-Methylpropanal	5.72	5.66	5.84	5.79	0.061
2-Phenyl-2-butenal	4.09^ab	4.40^ab	3.65^b	4.68^a	0.143
3-Methylbutanal	5.30	5.32	5.44	5.39	0.064
Ketones
Acetone	4.82	4.65	4.71	4.83	0.074
2-Butanone	2.63	3.26	2.35	3.75	0.233
2,3-Butanedione	3.90	3.78	3.55	4.20	0.137
3-Hydroxy-2-butanone	5.67	5.89	5.48	6.07	0.082
3-Octanone	3.66	3.91	2.97	4.61	0.229
Alcohols
Ethanol	5.10	5.00	4.83	5.04	0.053
Isopropanol	4.31	4.52	4.08	4.66	0.105
Phenol	6.74^ab	7.06^ab	6.50^b	7.10^a	0.076
1-Hexanol	6.10	6.19	5.73	6.33	0.088
1-Propanol	5.25	5.35	5.48	5.42	0.039
3-Methyl-1-butanol	4.43	4.83	4.05	4.50	0.149
4-Ethylphenol	4.66	4.89	4.76	4.77	0.067
4-Methylphenol	5.79^ab	6.04^ab	5.15^b	6.16^a	0.113
Acids
Acetic acid	5.63	5.52	5.27	5.78	0.083
Butanoic acid	6.29	6.37	6.45	6.34	0.035
Propanoic acid	4.36	4.90	4.50	4.99	0.108
Pentanoic acid	6.11^ab	6.14^ab	5.70^b	6.28^a	0.077
Hexanoic acid	6.37^ab	6.51^ab	5.94^b	6.46^a	0.073
2-Methylbutanoic acid	5.04	5.44	4.73	5.79	0.168
2-Methylpropanoic acid	5.87	5.76	5.50	6.03	0.086
3-Methylbutanoic acid	5.98	5.79	5.60	5.96	0.075
4-Methylpentanoic acid	5.20	5.25	5.73	5.60	0.093
Esters
Ethyl acetate	2.85	4.04	2.32	4.41	0.249
Ethyl anteisovalerate	6.08	6.43	5.71	6.57	0.117
Ethyl butanoate	6.07^ab	6.39^a	5.51^b	6.49^a	0.108
Ethyl isovalerate	5.30	5.17	5.31	5.25	0.031
Ethyl propanoate	3.62^ab	4.11^ab	3.21^b	4.78^a	0.222
Methyl 4,6-dimethyloctanoate	4.67	4.72	4.83	4.87	0.066
Others
Indole	5.18	5.03	5.16	5.06	0.075
1,3-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-benzene	4.51^ab	4.76^ab	3.65^b	5.33^a	0.194
2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine	4.35	4.92	3.60	5.19	0.227
2,4-Dimethylbenzaldehyde	5.19	5.42	5.28	5.54	0.050
2,5-Dimethylbenzaldehyde	5.96	6.23	6.02	6.25	0.088
2-Pentylfuran	5.56	5.47	5.50	5.45	0.023
3,4-Dimethylbenzyl alcohol	6.62^ab	7.15^ab	6.26^b	7.38^a	0.137
3,5-Dimethyl-2-furyl methyl ketone	6.30^ab	6.62^a	5.66^b	6.73^a	0.114
4,5-Dimethyl-2-isopropyloxazole	5.83	6.31	5.35	6.62	0.179
4-Methoxyphenol	4.56^ab	4.76^a	4.58^b	5.02^a	0.105

Treatment means without a common superscript letter are statistically different by the Dwass-Steel-Critchlow-Fligner test for multiple comparisons at p < 0.05. SEM: standard error of the mean.

Gariglio M, Dabbou S, Gai F, Trocino A, Xiccato G, Holodova M, Gresakova L, Nery J, Bellezza Oddon S, Biasato I, et al. 2021. Black soldier fly larva in Muscovy duck diets: effects on duck growth, carcass property, and meat quality. Poult Sci. 100(9):101303. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101303.

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Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, [M. G.], upon reasonable request.