Effects of black cumin, fenugreek, and sesame seeds as a mixture on performance, intestinal morphology, and blood traits of broilers under chronic heat stress conditions

Figures & data

Table 1. Ingredients and nutrients composition of experimental diets (1-11 days).

Ingredient (fed basis %)	Control	Seed mixture (%)
		1.5	3	4.5	6
Corn grain	50.72	49.15	48.71	48.26	47.81
Soy bean meal	43.33	42.79	42.08	41.36	40.65
Soybean oil	1.05	1.62	1.26	0.90	0.55
Dicalcium phosphate	0.73	0.75	0.76	0.78	0.79
CaCO3	1.15	1.15	1.14	1.14	1.14
Common Salt	0.23	0.23	0.23	0.23	0.23
Premix concentrate^1	2.50	2.50	2.50	2.50	2.50
DL-Methionine	0.29	0.31	0.32	0.33	0.34
Seed mixture	0.00	1.50	3.00	4.50	6.00
Calculated analysis
Crude protein, %	23.00	23.00	23.00	23.00	23.00
ME, kcal/kg	3000	3000	3000	3000	3000
Calcium %	0.97	0.97	0.97	0.97	0.97
Na %	0.16	0.16	0.16	0.16	0.16
K %	1.02	1.00	0.99	0.97	0.96
Cl %	0.23	0.23	0.23	0.23	0.23
Total Phos %	0.74	0.73	0.73	0.72	0.72
Avail Phos %	0.48	0.48	0.48	0.48	0.48
Cysteine, %	0.36	0.36	0.35	0.35	0.34
Lysine, %	1.43	1.41	1.39	1.37	0.71
Methionine, %	0.69	0.69	0.69	0.70	1.35
TSAA, %	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Threonine %	0.95	0.93	0.92	0.90	0.89
Crude Fibre %	3.30	3.42	3.56	3.70	3.84
Linoleic acid, %	1.82	2.08	1.88	1.69	1.49

Abbreviations: ME, Metabolisable energy; Phos, Phosphate; TSAA, total sulphur amino acid.

¹Provided per kg of diet: Protein, 18%; CaCO₃, 19%; Monocalcium phosphate, 7%; NaCl, 4.5%; Methionine, 2%; Lysine, 4%; Threonine, 1%; Choline chloride, 1%; Iron (sulphate), 2800 mg; Zinc (oxide), 2480 mg; Manganese (oxide), 3600 mg; Copper (sulphate), 240 mg; Iodine (IK), 60 mg; Selenium (SeNa), 14 mg; Cobalt (sulphate), 14 mg; Magnesium (oxide), 800 mg; Antioxidant (BHT), 32 mg; Vitamin A, 420000 IU; Vitamin D₃, 80000 IU; Vitamin E, 800 mg; Vitamin C, 40 mg; Vitamin K₃, 80 mg; Vitamin B₁, 80 mg; Vitamin B₂, 200 mg; Vitamin B₆, 80 mg; Vitamin B₁₂, 0.6 mcg; Biotine, 10.4 mg; Folic acid, 20 mg; Nicotinic acid, 400 mg; Pantothenic acid, 160 mg.

Table 2. Ingredients and nutrients composition of experimental diets (12-25 days).

Ingredient (fed basis %)	control	Seed mixture (%)
		1.5	3	4.5	6
Corn grain	53.32	51.703	51.255	50.807	50.486
Soy bean meal	39.57	39.044	38.329	37.614	36.687
Soybean oil	2.54	3.162	2.803	2.443	2.069
Dicalcium phosphate	0.56	0.577	0.590	0.602	0.617
CaCO3	1.07	1.063	1.061	1.059	1.058
Common Salt	0.23	0.228	0.228	0.229	0.229
Premix concentrate^1	2.50	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.5
DL-Methionine	0.211	0.224	0.234	0.245	0.247
Seed mixture	0.00	1.50	3.00	4.50	6.00
Calculated analysis
Crude protein %	21.50	21.50	21.50	21.50	21.50
ME, kcal/kg	3100	3100	3100	3100	3100
Calcium %	0.89	0.89	0.89	0.893	0.89
Na %	0.16	0.16	0.16	0.16	0.16
K %	0.95	0.94	0.92	0.91	0.89
Cl %	0.23	0.23	0.23	0.23	0.23
Total Phos %	0.69	0.68	0.68	0.67	0.67
Avail Phos %	0.44	0.44	0.44	0.44	0.44
Cysteine, %	0.34	0.34	0.33	0.33	0.32
Lysine, %	1.33	1.32	1.29	1.27	1.30
Methionine, %	0.59	0.59	0.60	0.60	0.60
TSAA, %	0.88	0.88	0.88	0.88	0.87
Threonine %	0.89	0.87	0.86	0.85	0.88
Crude Fibre %	3.19	3.31	3.45	3.59	3.72
Linoleic acid, %	2.63	2.91	2.71	2.51	2.31

Abbreviations: ME, Metabolisable energy; Phos, Phosphate; TSAA, total sulphur amino acid.

¹Provided per kg of diet: Protein, 18%; CaCO3, 19%; Monocalcium phosphate, 7%; NaCl, 4.5%; Methionine, 2%; Lysine, 4%; Threonine, 1%; Choline chloride, 1%; Iron (sulphate), 2800 mg; Zinc (oxide), 2480 mg; Manganese (oxide), 3600 mg; Copper (sulphate), 240 mg; Iodine (IK), 60 mg; Selenium (SeNa), 14 mg; Cobalt (sulphate), 14 mg; Magnesium (oxide), 800 mg; Antioxidant (BHT), 32 mg; Vitamin A, 420000 IU; Vitamin D3, 80000 IU; Vitamin E, 800 mg; Vitamin C, 40 mg; Vitamin K3, 80 mg; Vitamin B1, 80 mg; Vitamin B2, 200 mg; Vitamin B6, 80 mg; Vitamin B12, 0.6 mcg; Biotine, 10.4 mg; Folic acid, 20 mg; Nicotinic acid, 400 mg; Pantothenic acid, 160 mg.

Table 3. Ingredients and nutrients composition of experimental diets (26-45 days).

Ingredient (fed basis %)	control	Seed mixture (%)
		1.5	3	4.5	6
Corn grain	56.26	55.82	55.37	54.92	54.47
Soy bean meal	34.54	33.82	33.11	32.39	31.68
Soybean oil	4.97	4.61	4.25	3.89	3.53
Dicalcium phosphate	0.35	0.36	0.38	0.39	0.40
CaCO3	0.96	0.96	0.96	0.96	0.96
Common Salt	0.23	0.23	0.23	0.23	0.23
Premix concentrate^1	2.50	2.50	2.50	2.50	2.50
DL-Methionine	0.18	0.19	0.20	0.22	0.23
Seed mixture	0.00	1.50	3.00	4.50	6.00
Calculated analysis
Crude protein %	19.50	19.50	19.50	19.50	19.50
ME, kcal/kg	3200	3200	3200	3200	3200
Calcium %	0.79	0.79	0.79	0.79	0.79
Na %	0.16	0.16	0.16	0.16	0.16
K %	0.86	0.84	0.83	0.81	0.80
Cl %	0.23	0.23	0.23	0.23	0.23
Total Phos %	0.62	0.62	0.61	0.61	0.61
Avail Phos %	0.39	0.39	0.39	0.39	0.39
Cysteine, %	0.32	0.31	0.31	0.30	0.29
Lysine, %	1.20	1.18	1.16	1.14	1.11
Methionine, %	0.53	0.54	0.54	0.55	0.55
TSAA, %	0.80	0.80	0.80	0.80	0.80
Threonine %	0.81	0.79	0.78	0.76	0.75
Crude Fibre %	3.03	3.17	3.30	3.44	3.58
Linoleic acid	3.91	3.71	3.52	3.32	3.13

Abbreviations: ME, Metabolisable energy; Phos, Phosphate; TSAA, total sulphur amino acid.

¹Provided per kg of diet: Protein, 18%; CaCO3, 19%; Monocalcium phosphate, 7%; NaCl, 4.5%; Methionine, 2%; Lysine, 4%; Threonine, 1%; Choline chloride, 1%; Iron (sulphate), 2800 mg; Zinc (oxide), 2480 mg; Manganese (oxide), 3600 mg; Copper (sulphate), 240 mg; Iodine (IK), 60 mg; Selenium (SeNa), 14 mg; Cobalt (sulphate), 14 mg; Magnesium (oxide), 800 mg; Antioxidant (BHT), 32 mg; Vitamin A, 420000 IU; Vitamin D3, 80000 IU; Vitamin E, 800 mg; Vitamin C, 40 mg; Vitamin K3, 80 mg; Vitamin B1, 80 mg; Vitamin B2, 200 mg; Vitamin B6, 80 mg; Vitamin B12, 0.6 mcg; Biotine, 10.4 mg; Folic acid, 20 mg; Nicotinic acid, 400 mg; Pantothenic acid, 160 mg.

Table 4. Chemical composition of seed mixture on a DM basis (%).

Parameters	DM	Ash	CP	CF	EE	NFE
Seed Mixture	93.31	3.86	22.51	12.32	33.76	33.19

Abbreviation: CF, Crude fibre; CP, Crude protein; DM, Dry matter; EE, Ether extract; NFE, Nitrogen-free extract.

Figure 1. Chromatographic profile (GC-MS) of the of seed mixture ethanolic extract.

Table 5. Pharmacological activities of the eight most expressed bioactive compounds in the seed mixture (SM) ethanolic extract.

R. time (minute)	Compound name	Com. %	Pharmacological activity	References
13.567	Anethole	48.458%	Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities	(Senatore et al. 2013; Contant et al. 2021)
9.774	α-Phellandrene	9.597%	Antioxidant activity	(De Christo Scherer et al. 2019)
9.774	D-Limonene	9.597%	Antioxidant activity	(Anandakumar et al. 2021; Murali et al. 2013)
7.794	α-Pinene	8.277%	Antioxidant activity	(Xanthis et al. 2021; Shahriari et al. 2018)
22.979	9,12-Octadecadienoic acid	6.671	Antioxidant activity	(Ahmed et al. 2022; Zitouni et al. 2022)
23.115	Linoleic acid	5.269%	Antioxidant activity	(Beeharry et al. 2003)
22.868	oleic acid	4.079%	Antioxidant activity	(Cho et al. 2010)
15.311	1.2-Propanone	3.767%	Antioxidant activity	(Tumosienė et al. 2020)

R. time: Retention time; Com.: Compound.

Table 6. Effects of seed mixture (SM) on body weight, average weight gain, and mortality (%) in broiler chicken under heat stress condition.

Treatments	Body weight (gram)			Weight gain (gram)				Mortality (%)
	11 d	25 d	45 d	1-11 d	12-25 d	26-45 d	1-45 d	1-45 d
Control	262	1091	2426^b	222	778	1336^c	2386^c	28.8^a
1.5 % SM	264	1055	2494^ab	223	791	1465^ab	2480^abc	22.7^ab
3.0 % SM	269	1064	2503^ab	228	795	1409^bc	2463^bc	21.8^ab
4.5 % SM	268	1087	2540^ab	233	824	1487^ab	2500^ab	16.7^bc
6.0 % SM	269	1100	2622^a	236	839	1517^a	2528^a	12.1^c
	---------------------------Probability--------------------------
Probability	0.9491	0.7813	0.0428	0.7150	0.5028	0.0124	0.0098	0.0081
SEM	3.163	12.26	19.25	3.125	11.24	18.32	23.68	1.245

^a-c Means in the same column with different letters are different significantly (p < 0.05).

Table 7. Effects of seed mixture (SM) on average feed intake and feed conversion ratio in broiler chicken under heat stress condition.

Treatments	Average feed intake (gram)				Feed conversion ratio (gram/gram)
	1-11 d	12-25 d	26-45 d	1-45 d	1-11 d	12-25 d	26-45 d	1-45 d
Control	266	1140	2622^b	4034^c	1.203	1.38^ab	1.95	1.76
1.5 % SM	265	1113	2654^b	4175^bc	1.188	1.34^b	1.94	1.68
3.0 % SM	280	1158	2871^a	4352^a	1.227	1.50^a	2.04	1.78
4.5 % SM	278	1151	2782^ab	4262^ab	1.257	1.40^ab	1.98	1.71
6.0 % SM	272	1126	2781^ab	4179^b	1.275	1.41^ab	1.85	1.66
	Probability
Probability	0.3808	0.8018	0.0395	0.0065	0.2422	0.0161	0.7816	0.7713
SEM	2.934	12.12	32.45	45.52	0.014	0.016	0.046	0.033

^a-c Means in the same column with different letters are different significantly (p < 0.05).

Table 8. Effects of seed mixture (SM) on relative weight of the carcase segments to live body weight (g/100g) in broiler chicken under heat stress condition at 46 day of age.

Treatments	Carcase	Breast	Thigh	Drumstick
Control	64.4	23.77	4.92	4.32
1.5 % SM	65.0	25.85	5.18	4.36
3.0 % SM	67.1	27.17	5.23	4.42
4.5 % SM	66.0	25.64	5.32	4.47
6.0 % SM	65.4	24.89	5.28	4.52
	----------Probability-----------
Probability	0.1348	0.1297	0.4089	0.7071
SEM	0.354	0.426	0.070	0.047

^a-c Means in the same column with different letters are different significantly (p < 0.05).

Table 9. Effects of seed mixture (SM) on relative weight of internal organs to live body weight (g/100g) in broiler chicken under heat stress condition at 46 day of age.

Treatments	Crop	Proventriculus	Gizzard	Pancreas	Liver	Spleen	Heart	Bursa of fabriciuos	Abdominal fat
Control	1.047	0.373	0.802	0.205	2.16	0.108	0.445	0.043	1.515
1.5 % SM	0.644	0.382	0.985	0.210	2.59	0.098	0.398	0.042	1.430
3.0 % SM	0.455	0.458	1.024	0.198	2.36	0.123	0.378	0.053	1.247
4.5 % SM	0.752	0.442	0.918	0.228	2.27	0.100	0.404	0.047	1.390
6.0 % SM	0.447	0.464	0.935	0.218	2.35	0.093	0.393	0.043	0.972
	--------------------probability---------------------------------
Probability	0.0681	0.3317	0.0896	0.8063	0.1836	0.6125	0.3833	0.0555	0.1734
SEM	0.078	0.017	0.027	0.008	0.057	0.006	0.011	0.001	0.078

^a-c Means in the same column with different letters are different significantly (p < 0.05).

Table 10. Effects of seed mixture (SM) on intestinal relative weight (g/100g) and length (cm/100g) to live body weight in broiler chicken under heat stress condition at 46 day of age.

Treatments	Weight				Length
	Duodenum	Jejunum	Ileum	Caecum	Duodenum	Jejunum	Ileum	Caecum
Control	0.743^b	2.76	2.10	0.650	1.237^b	3.55	3.62	0.913
1.5 % SM	0.767^ab	2.24	1.92	0.713	1.278^ab	3.38	3.27	0.752
3.0 % SM	0.782^ab	1.69	1.38	0.583	1.295^ab	2.95	2.86	0.766
4.5 % SM	0.815^ab	2.31	1.47	0.638	1.387^ab	3.25	2.96	0.747
6.0 % SM	0.958^a	2.34	2.14	0.572	1.528^a	3.45	3.45	0.752
	----------------------probability-----------------------------
Probability	0.0113	0.1212	0.0517	0.5064	0.0490	0.6168	0.2008	0.1725
SEM	0.036	0.128	0.107	0.027	0.034	0.123	0.117	0.026

^a-c Means in the same column with different letters are different significantly (p < 0.05).

Table 11. Effects of seed mixture (SM) on hematological parameters at 25 and 45 days in broiler chicken under heat stress condition.

Treatments	25 days						45 days
	RBC (×10^6 cell/µL)	Hb (g/dL)	HCT (%)	MCV (fL)	MCH (pg/cell)	MCHC (%)	RBC (×10^6 cell/µL)	Hb (g/dL)	HCT (%)	MCV (fL)	MCH (pg/cell)	MCHC (%)
Control	2.09	13.36	22.25	104	61.4	58.97	2.41^ab	13.30^ab	25.98	105^b	55.08	52.3
1.5 % HM	1.85	12.77	21.72	111	62.7	57.20	2.34^b	13.02^ab	27.05	109^a	55.60	50.9
3.0 % HM	2.12	13.80	23.33	114	62.6	59.37	2.65^a	13.45^ab	27.62	109^a	56.65	52.0
4.5 % HM	2.15	13.28	22.48	106	61.7	60.18	2.42^b	12.82^b	26.28	111^a	57.08	52.5
6.0 % HM	2.02	12.20	25.65	104	60.7	62.37	2.50^b	14.10^a	27.15	109^a	56.16	51.6
	-----------------------Probability--------------------------------
P. value	0.4019	0.4940	0.2273	0.0622	0.7707	0.5298	0.0281	0.0485	0.5612	0.0038	0.3874	0.3724
SEM	0.051	0.271	0.564	1.27	0.507	8.81	0.034	0.149	0.351	0.568	0.351	2.73

^a-c Means in the same column with different letters are different significantly (p < 0.05).

Abbreviation: RBC, Red blood cell; Hb, haemoglobin; HCT, hematocrite; MCV, Mean corpuscular volume; MCH, Mean corpuscular haemoglobin; MCHC, Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration.

Table 12. Effects of seed mixture (SM) on differential white blood cell counts at 25 and 45 days in broiler chicken under heat stress condition.

Treatments	25 days					45 days
	Gran (%)	Hetero (%)	Lymph (%)	L/H	Mid (%)	Gran (%)	Hetero (%)	Lymph (%)	L/H	Mid (%)
Control	38.52	34.42	60.25	1.75	5.32	38.62	33.10	61.38	1.86	5.52
1.5 % SM	40.74	36.00	58.67	1.64	4.66	38.47	32.53	61.53	1.91	5.93
3.0 % SM	42.70	36.80	57.80	1.57	5.40	37.47	31.02	62.53	2.05	6.45
4.5 % SM	40.20	35.05	59.60	1.70	5.35	39.12	35.75	59.05	1.66	5.20
6.0 % SM	40.74	37.10	57.62	1.56	5.27	37.36	31.56	62.24	2.00	6.20
	------------Probability----------------------------------------
Probability	0.5026	0.3015	0.3159	0.3083	0.6866	0.8378	0.2368	0.2841	0.2740	0.3949
SEM	0.67	0.45	0.45	0.03	0.19	0.53	0.64	0.49	0.05	0.21

^a-c Means in the same column with different letters are different significantly (p < 0.05).

Abbreviations: Gran, Granulocyte; Hetero, Heterophil; Lymph, Lymphocyte; L/H, Lymphocyte to heterophil ratio; Mid, sum of basophil, monocyte, and eosinophil.

Table 13. Effects of seed mixture (SM) on serum lipid profile at 25 and 45 days in broiler chicken under heat stress condition.

Treatments	25 days					45 days
	Cholesterol (mg/dL)	Trigyceride (mg/dL)	HDL (mg/dL)	LDL (mg/dL)	VLDL (mg/dL)	Cholesterol (mg/dL)	Trigyceride (mg/dL)	HDL (mg/dL)	LDL (mg/dL)	VLDL (mg/dL)
Control	101	70.9	48.4	38.5^b	14.1^b	87.89^a	51.15^a	32.04^b	45.61^a	10.23
1.5 % SM	115	95.3	30.0	65.5^a	19.1^a	82.37^a	38.51^ab	34.22^b	42.80^ab	7.70
3.0 % SM	104	93.4	30.7	59.9^ab	18.7^a	80.82^a	25.67^b	57.43^a	15.21^c	5.13
4.5 % SM	104	61.2	31.3	63.7^a	12.2^b	48.09^b	23.18^b	27.89^b	18.48^bc	5.28
6.0 % SM	106	87.8	36.0	38.6^b	17.6^ab	78.11^a	30.65 ^ab	40.00^b	31.98^abc	6.13
	-------------------------Probability------------------------------
Probability	0.4491	0.2672	0.2758	0.0158	0.0369	0.0025	0.0098	0.0011	0.0024	0.0629
SEM	2.66	5.64	3.13	3.07	0.94	3.63	3.22	2.72	3.10	0.51

^a-c Means in the same column with different letters are different significantly (p < 0.05).

Abbreviations: HDL, High density lipoprotein; LDL, Low density lipoprotein; VLDL, Very low density lipoprotein.

Table 14. Effects of seed mixture (SM) on liver enzymes, srum uric acid, glucose and total protein at 25 and 45 days in broiler chicken under heat stress condition.

Treatments	25 days						45 days
	AST (U/L)	ALT (U/L)	ALP (U/L)	UA (mg/dL)	Glucose (mg/dL)	TP (mg/dL)	AST (U/L)	ALT (U/L)	ALP (U/L)	UA (mg/dL)	Glucose (mg/dL)	TP (mg/dL)
Control	34.90	20.94	803	73.75 ^a	218 ^a	2.59	87.25^a	9.89^a	463	31.6	181 ^a	2.97^a
1.5 % SM	21.23	20.36	826	45.00^ab	214 ^a	3.40	66.60^ab	4.56^b	637	32.2	171 ^a	3.51^a
3.0 % SM	43.62	13.95	828	36.87^b	164^b	2.83	60.49^ab	7.20 ^ab	777	21.2	140^b	3.01^a
4.5 % SM	54.09	15.70	744	46.67^ab	175^b	2.85	52.93^ab	3.49^b	616	25.0	150^ab	3.02^a
6.0 % SM	57.58	15.70	824	40.00^b	99^b	3.06	40.43 ^b	4.36^b	486	35.2	141^b	2.92^b
	----------------------Probability---------------------------------
Probability	0.0866	0.5875	0.5353	0.0457	0.0030	0.2841	0.0331	0.0051	0.3150	0.0657	0.0379	0.0035
SEM	4.89	1.54	16.99	3.85	13.41	0.17	5.28	0.70	51.24	0.18	5.71	0.06

^a-c Means in the same column with different letters are different significantly (p < 0.05).

Abbreviations: AST, Aspartate transaminase; ALT, Alanine transaminase; ALP, Alkaline phosphatase, UA, Uric acid; TP, Total protein.

Table 15. Effects of seed mixture (SM) on liver histopathology in broiler chicken under heat stress condition at 46 day of age.

Treatments	Steatosis	Leukocyte infilteration score
Control	3.83^a	Mild
1.5 % SM	3.50^a	Mild
3.0 % SM	2.00^b	Mild
4.5 % SM	3.83^a	Mild
6.0 % SM	3.67^a	Mild
	-------Probability-------
Probability	0.0001	0.7368
SEM	0.198	0.107

^a-c Means in the same column with different letters are different significantly (p < 0.05).

Table 16. Effects of seed mixture (SM) on villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD), villus height to crypth depth ratio (VH/CD) and villus surface area (SA) in broiler chicken under heat stress condition at 46 day of age.

Treatments	Duodenum				Jejunum				Ileum
	VH (µm)	CD (µm)	VH/CD (µm)	SA (mm^2)	VH (µm)	CD (µm)	VH/CD (µm)	SA (mm^2)	VH (µm)	CD (µm)	VH/CD (µm)	SA (mm^2)
Control	1142	247	4.62	0.185	860	222	3.87	0.076	886	239	3.81	0.116
1.5 % SM	1439	194	7.48	0.189	1177	173	6.77	0.121	800	137	5.89	0.101
3.0 % SM	1222	222	5.59	0.163	1114	209	5.49	0.109	937	192	4.90	0.088
4.5 % SM	1484	252	6.10	0.192	865	217	4.02	0.090	928	187	5.08	0.101
6.0 % SM	1550	205	7.23	0.171	1205	201	5.98	0.113	1005	154	6.65	0.138
	------------------------probability-----------------------------
Probability	0.0658	0.3074	0.2901	0.4034	0.6783	0.9023	0.0759	0.8631	0.7585	0.1557	0.1655	0.4612
SEM	55.57	9.82	0.425	0.005	81.27	13.78	0.395	0.010	35.65	13.51	0.401	0.009

^a-c Means in the same column with different letters are different significantly (p < 0.05).

Table 17. Effects of seed mixture (SM) on apparent ileal digestibility in broiler chicken under heat stress condition at 46 day of age.

Treatments	Dry matter	Organic matter	Ash
Control	95.89	79.98	81.05
1.5 % SM	94.05	79.28	85.12
3.0 % SM	98.05	89.77	94.06
4.5 % SM	96.53	80.97	87.85
6.0 % SM	93.13	74.31	83.90
	--------Probability------------
Probability	0.3177	0.5738	0.4797
SEM	0.796	2.876	2.282

^a-c Means in the same column with different letters are different significantly (p < 0.05).

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Data availability

To access all the data, request it through the link provided below: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1gI1IKqztaVqU33W9NmjhYrAp37IlmVaa/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=108496959837745938947&rtpof=true&sd=true