Effect of two different dietary endo-1,4-β-xylanases on growth performance, intestinal histomorphology, caecal microbial population and short-chain fatty acid composition of broiler chickens

Figures & data

Table 1. Ingredients and nutrient composition of the experimental diets through different periods, g/kg as-fed basis^a,b,c.

	Starter		Grower		Finisher
Ingredients	PC	NC	PC	NC	PC	NC
Corn	487.196	502.188	538.151	566.976	583.521	557.744
Soybean meal, 47 %	317.416	299.329	266.438	261.232	231.279	210.591
Full fat soybean, 34.6	71.500	60.000	60.000	50.000	50.000	52.403
Barley	50.000	58.710	55.000	55.000	50.000	100.000
Soy oil	17.823	7.000	26.316	11.806	35.226	24.456
Sunflower meal, 36.5%	25.000	40.000	25.000	25.000	25.000	30.000
Dicalcium phosphate	7.306	7.346	5.664	5.733	3.463	3.391
Limestone	7.522	7.521	6.832	6.849	6.009	6.105
DL-methionine	3.512	3.338	3.171	3.011	2.798	2.658
Common salt	2.300	2.313	2.300	2.300	2.200	2.000
L-Lysine HCL	2.184	2.524	2.294	2.390	1.936	2.114
Vitamin Premix^d	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000
Mineral Premix^e	2.000	2.000	2.000	2.000	2.000	2.000
Sodium bicarbonate	1.669	2.128	2.310	2.350	2.414	2.408
L-threonine	1.379	1.367	1.241	1.037	0.883	0.852
Anticoccidial	0.500	0.500	0.500	0.500	0.500	0.500
Choline chloride, 75	0.492	0.535	0.583	0.615	0.571	0.581
Phytase	1.200	1.200	1.200	1.200	1.200	1.200
Xylanase	0.00	1.000	0.00	1.000	0.00	1.000
Total	1000.0	1000.0	1000.0	1000.0	1000.0	1000.0
Nutrients
Crude protein, %	23.26	22.79	20.874	20.481	19.077	18.72
AMEn, Kcal/Kg	2995.0	2915.0	3095.0	3015.0	3195.0	3115.0
Crude fat, %	5.652	4.405	6.350	4.797	7.111	6.071
Crude fibre, %	4.309	4.51	4.139	4.135	3.998	4.160
Crude ash, %	5.238	5.228	4.750	4.707	4.226	4.199
Dig. methionine, %	0.658	0.641	0.600	0.581	0.545	0.53
Dig. lysine, %	1.280	1.2625	1.150	1.1325	1.022	1.00
Dig. Met + Cys, %	0.950	0.93	0.870	0.85	0.800	0.78
Dig. arginine, %	1.42	1.392	1.258	1.229	1.137	1.10
Dig. threonine, %	0.860	0.84	0.770	0.738	0.680	0.66
Dig. leucine, %	1.624	1.588	1.483	1.469	1.385	1.343
Dig. isoleucine, %	0.867	0.843	0.770	0.754	0.700	0.68
Dig. valine, %	0.945	0.925	0.850	0.837	0.782	0.77
Dig. tryptophane, %	0.249	0.243	0.219	0.214	0.197	0.19
Ca, %	0.90	0.90	0.820	0.820	0.725	0.725
P available, %	0.45	0.45	0.410	0.410	0.363	0.363

^aNegative control diet supplemented with either Xylanase enzyme derived from TB or AO to obtain NC + AO and NC + TB treatments; PC: positive control; NC: negative control; NC + AO = negative control + Aspergillus oryzae; NC + TB = Trichoderma bisset; All diets supplemented with phytase 2000 FYT/kg of feed.

^bNegative control plus xylanase diet gives the applied matrix values for xylanase enzymes: 80 kcal ME per Kg, %0.47 crude protein, %0.0175 dig. Lysine, %0.01 dig. Methionine, %0.02 dig. Met + Cys, %0.02 dig. Threonine, %0.02 dig. Isoleucine and ve %0.025 dig. Arginine.

^cWithdrawal feeds (38–41 d) are the same as finisher diets except removal of anticoccidial.

^d,eSupplied the following per kg of complete feed: 4.13 mg retinyl acetate; 125 μg cholecalciferol; 100 mg dl-α-tocopheryl acetate; 3.5 mg menadione; 3.5 mg thiamine; 9 mg riboflavin; 20 mg calcium d-pantothenate; 65 mg niacin; 0.02 mg vitamin B12; 2.2 mg folic acid; 4.5 mg pyridoxine; 0.22 mg biotin; 120 mg manganese (Mn oxide);1.5 mg iodine (Ca iodate); 25 mg iron (Fe sulphate); 16 mg copper (Cu sulphate); 110 mg zinc (Zn oxide); 0.3 mg selenium (Na selenite).

Table 2. Effects of different dietary xylanase on growth performance of broilers¹.

Parameters	PC	NC	NC + AO	NC + TB	Pooled SEM	p Value
BW, g
Initial weight, g	43.94	43.88	43.79	44.03	0.881	0.11
BW d.10	312.24 a	311.32 ab	307.77 b	308.75 ab	0.0001	0.7
BW d.22	1064.36 a	1043.00 b	1037.08 b	1036.00 b	0.0001	2.87
BW d.41	2822.07 a	2750.73 c	2774.05 bc	2786.45 b	0.002	8.92
BWG, g
0–10	268.29 a	267.44 ab	263.98 b	264.71 ab	0.0001	0.69
11–22	752.30 a	731.42 b	729.04 b	726.78 b	0.0001	2.48
23–41	1751	1700.82	1729.71	1738.11	0.102	7.6
0–41	2778.1 a	2706.7 c	2730.2 bc	2742.4 b	0.000	8.93
FI, g
0–10	312.17 b	319.80 a	313.21 b	316.20 ab	0.0001	0.71
11–22	863.38	864.27	855.3	854.6	0.572	2.67
23–41	3165.94	3145.66	3139.03	3175.76	0.326	8.1
0–41	4335.41	4328.69	4317.58	4354.8	0.112	10.26
FCR
0–10	1.164 b	1.196 a	1.186 a	1.193 a	0.0001	0.003
11–22	1.148	1.182	1.173	1.176	0.158	0.003
23–41	1.809 bc	1.851 a	1.815 bc	1.827 b	0.010	0.001
0–41	1.561 c	1.600 a	1.582 b	1.588 b	0.0001	0.003
Mortality, %
0–10	0.95	1	1.21	1.32	0.823	0.09
11–22	2.05	1.52	1.99	2.5	0.170	0.15
23–41	2.42	2	1.95	2.2	0.742	0.16
0–41	5.37	4.47	5.47	6.1	0.158	0.29

^a,cMeans within the same column without common superscripts are significantly different (p < 0.05).

¹PC = Positive Control; NC = negative control; NC + AO = negative control + Aspergillus oryzae; NC + TB = Trichoderma bisset.

BW: Body weight, BWG: Body weight gain, FI: Feed intake, FCR: Feed conversion ratio.

Table 3. Effects of different dietary xylanase on carcase parameters and liver score of broilers at 41 d.¹

Parameters^2	PC	NC	NC + AO	NC + TB	Pooled SEM	p Value
Carcase Yield,%	74.39	73.17	72.7	73.47	0.283	0.194
Breast meat yield,%	26.83	25.57	26.55	26.92	0.251	0.213
Maryland with backbone yield,%	20.3	20.42	19.42	19.99	0.182	0.220
Abdominal fat, %	1.57	1.56	1.66	1.53	0.046	0.756
Liver weight, %	2.01	1.94	1.95	2.08	0.031	0.326
Liver score	2.94	2.88	3	2.88	0.080	0.945

^a,bMeans within the same column without common superscripts are significantly different (p < 0.05).

¹PC = Positive Control; NC = negative control; NC + AO = negative control + Aspergillus oryzae; NC + TB = Trichoderma bisset.

²Skin-on and bone-in % of body weight (BW).

Table 4. Effects of different dietary xylanase on histomorphological parameters of the jejunum at 41 d.¹

Parameters	PC	NC	NC + AO	NC + TB	Pooled SEM	p Value
Villus height, µm	1291.7 b	1201.5 c	1373.8 a	1326.7 b	13.171	0.001
Crypt depth, µm	176.07 a	189.29 a	138.04c	156.70 b	4.125	0.001
Villus wide, µm	186.63	172.18	180.38	184.77	3.943	0.527
Villus height to Crypt depth	7,66 c	6.68 d	10.53 a	9.21 b	0.284	0.001
Villus surface area, mm^2	0.758 a	0.649 b	0.778 a	0.769 a	0.018	0.029
Goblet cell number	189.04 a	149.26 b	214.18 a	191.65 a	6.685	0.008

^a-dMeans within the same column without common superscripts are significantly different (p < 0.05).

¹PC = Positive Control; NC = negative control; NC + AO = negative control + Aspergillus oryzae; NC + TB = Trichoderma bisset.

Table 5. Effects of different dietary xylanase on short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and branched-chain fatty acid (BCFA) concentrations (μmol/g of digesta) in the caecum at 41 d.¹

Parameters	PC	NC	NC + AO	NC + TB	Pooled SEM	p Value
Acetate	24.55 c	23.43 c	35.38 a	31.53 b	1.012	0.0001
Propionate	9.42 b	9.29 b	13.15 a	13.36 a	0.411	0.0001
Butyrate	8.21 c	7.83 c	11.25 a	9.71 b	0.300	0.0001
Isobutyrate	1.04	0.95	1.17	1.11	0.033	0.070
Valerate	1.05	1.01	1.15	1.22	0.031	0.098
Isovalerate	1.00 b	0.97 b	1.09 ab	1.15 a	0.025	0.047
BCFA^2	3.10 b	2.93 b	3.41 a	3.47 a	0.061	0.003
Total SCFA^3	45.28 c	43.49 c	63.18 a	58.06 b	1.587	0.000

^a-cMeans within the same column without common superscripts are significantly different (p < 0.05).

¹PC = positive control; NC = negative control; NC + AO = negative control + Aspergillus oryzae; NC + TB = Trichoderma bisset.

²BCFA = isobutyrate + valerate + isovalerate.

³Total SCFA = acetate + propionate + butyrate + isobutyrate + valerate + isovalerate.

Table 6. Effects of different dietary xylanase on the total aerobe bacteria, Lactobacillus and coliform populations in the caecum (log10 cfu/g) at 41 d.¹

Parameters	PC	NC	NC + AO	NC + TB	Pooled SEM	p Value
Total aerobe counts	8.60 bc	8.21 c	9.75 a	9.33 ab	0.203	0.010
Lactobacillus	8.48 b	8.29 b	9.61 a	9.52 a	0.170	0.007
Coliform	7.91	8.24	7.29	7.53	0.156	0.233

^a,bMeans within the same column without common superscripts are significantly different (p < 0.05).

¹PC = positive control; NC = negative control; NC + AO = negative control + Aspergillus oryzae; NC + TB = Trichoderma bisset.

Availability of data

The participants of this study did not give written consent for their data to be shared publicly, so due to the sensitive nature of the research supporting data is not available.