Impact of orange (Citrus sinensis) seed powder on growth performance, biochemical parameters and caecal bacterial population of broilers reared in hot humid climate

Figures & data

Figure 1. Proximate composition of orange seeds.

Table 1. Effect of orange seeds powder supplementation on growth parameter of broiler chickens during 0–21, 22–42 and 0–42 days of the experiment.

Parameters	Treatments					p Value
	Control (T)	0.25	0.50	0.75	SEM^1	Main effect^2	Linear effect^3	Quadratic effect^4
0–21 days
FI (g)	49.6^a	41.5^b	37.5^c	39.9b^c	1.03	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001
ADG (g)	28.2^b	31.3^ab	35.8^a	33.8^a	1.99	0.007	0.091	0.001
FCR	1.87^a	1.33^b	1.10^b	1.17^b	0.11	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001
22–42 days
FI (g)	103^a	97.4^ab	96.0^ab	94.0^b	2.59	0.003	0.117	0.002
ADG (g)	56.5^b	60.6^a	61.2^a	55.2^b	1.30	<0.0001	0.0003	0.709
FCR	1.93^a	1.63^b	1.57^b	1.67^b	0.039	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001
0–42 days
FI (g)	118	113	111	113	2.78	0.084	0.048	0.087
ADG (g)	62.6	64.4	64.3	62.2	1.81	0.501	0.144	0.737
FCR	1.89^a	1.75^ab	1.73^b	1.81^ab	0.053	0.023	0.007	0.215
Body weight (g)	1997^c	2119^ab	2185^a	2045^bc	27.6	<0.0001	<0.0001	0.008

FI: feed intake, ADG: average daily gain, FCR: feed conversion ratio.

^a-b-cMeans with different letters on the same line are significantly different (p < 0.05).

n = 6 replicates of 20 birds each.

Control, T (standard diet); 0.25 (standard diet + 0.25% orange seeds powder); 0.50 (standard diet + 0.5% orange seeds powder); 0.75 (standard diet + 0.75% orange seeds powder).

¹Pooled standard error of means.

²Statistical comparison of means between all dietary treatments.

³Linear contrast between inclusion levels.

⁴Quadratic contrast between inclusion levels.

Table 2. Effect of orange seeds powder supplementation on relative carcase traits and abdominal fat of broiler chickens at 42 days.

Parameters (%)	Treatments					p Value
	Control (T)	0.25	0.50	0.75	SEM^1	Main effect^2	Linear effect^3	Quadratic effect^4
Carcase yield	55.1	54.0	52.5	53.6	1.15	0.177	0.239	0.072
Breast yield	14.7	14.6	13.6	14.0	0.84	0.543	0.771	0.171
Heart	0.51^ab	0.47^b	0.58^ab	0.62^a	0.044	0.010	0.222	0.002
Liver	2.17^ab	2.0^bc	1.87^c	2.33^a	0.08	<0.0001	0.0009	0.684
Gizzard	3.10^b	3.34^ab	3.53^a	3.66^a	0.13	0.003	0.183	0.0007
Abdominal fat	1.10	1.11	1.16	1.10	0.21	0.956	0.976	0.816

^a-b-cMeans with different letters on the same line are significantly different (p < 0.05).

n = 6 replicates of 20 birds each.

Control, T (standard diet); 0.25 (standard diet + 0.25% orange seeds powder); 0.50 (standard diet + 0.5% orange seeds powder); 0.75 (standard diet + 0.75% orange seeds powder).

¹Pooled standard error of means.

²Statistical comparison of means between all dietary treatments.

³Linear contrast between inclusion levels.

⁴Quadratic contrast between inclusion levels.

Table 3. Effect of orange seeds powder supplementation on biochemical parameters of chickens on days 21 and 42 of the experiment.

Parameters	Treatments					p Value
	Control (T)	0.25	0.50	0.75	SEM^1	Main effect^2	Linear effect^3	Quadratic effect^4
Day 21
Glucose (g/L)	2.41	2.44	2.42	2.39	0.058	0.867	0.564	0.648
Total cholesterol (g/L)	1.0^a	0.86^ab	0.87^ab	0.71^b	0.058	0.0009	0.184	0.0028
Triglycerides (g/L)	0.79^a	0.60^b	0.55^b	0.23^c	0.056	<0.0001	0.176	<0.0001
Total protein (g/L)	48.1	48.6	44.3	47.9	1.90	0.129	0.732	0.114
Day 42
Glucose (g/L)	2.67^b	2.94^a	2.94^a	2.64^b	0.048	<0.0001	<0.0001	0.679
Total cholesterol (g/L)	1.50^a	1.16^b	1.17^b	1.49^a	0.14	0.029	0.007	0.025
Triglycerides (g/L)	0.37^c	0.76^a	0.54^b	0.76^a	0.056	<0.0001	<0.0001	1.000
Total protein (g/L)	33.2^a	27.2^b	30.0^b	31.9^b	2.28	0.082	0.012	0.669

^a-b-cMeans with different letters on the same line are significantly different (p < 0.05).

n = 6 replicates of 20 birds each.

Control, T (standard diet); 0.25 (standard diet + 0.25% orange seeds powder); 0.50 (standard diet + 0.5% orange seeds powder); 0.75 (standard diet + 0.75% orange seeds powder).

¹Pooled standard error of means.

²Statistical comparison of means between all dietary treatments.

³Linear contrast between inclusion levels.

⁴Quadratic contrast between inclusion levels.

Table 4. Effect of orange seeds powder supplementation on some selected caecal bacterial populations of chickens on days 21 and 42 of the experiment.

Parameters (log10 CFU/g)	Treatments					p Value
	Control (T)	0.25	0.50	0.75	SEM^1	Main effect^2	Linear effect^3	Quadratic effect^4
Day 21
Coliforms	5.96^a	5.37^b	5.26^b	5.10^b	0.21	0.0027	0.0124	0.0167
E. coli	3.41^a	2.89^b	2.84^b	2.26^c	0.90	<0.0001	0.0025	<0.0001
Lactobacilli	5.95^c	6.79^a	6.38^b	6.43^b	0.085	<0.0001	<0.0001	0.5777
Day 42
Coliforms	8.11^a	7.86^ab	7.69^bc	7.37^c	0.13	0.0001	0.303	<0.0001
E. coli	8.16^a	7.39^b	7.64^b	7.28^b	0.13	0.0001	0.303	<0.0001
Lactobacilli	8.22	8.30	8.40	8.34	0.094	0.314	0.319	0.118

^a-b-cMeans with different letters on the same line are significantly different (p < 0.05).

n = 6 replicates of 20 birds each.

Control, T (standard diet); 0.25 (standard diet + 0.25% orange seeds powder); 0.50 (standard diet + 0.5% orange seeds powder); 0.75 (standard diet + 0.75% orange seeds powder).

¹Pooled standard error of means.

²Statistical comparison of means between all dietary treatments.

³Linear contrast between inclusion levels.

⁴Quadratic contrast between inclusion levels.

Data availability statement

All data generated or analysed in the present study are available upon reasonable request.