Recidivism in criminal behavior—A 10-year follow-up study of 45 adolescent boys identified as sex offenders

Figures & data

Table 1 Frequencies of participants in the nonrecidivist and recidivist groups concerning background and offending behavior variables gathered 2003–2007, and group comparison results.

Background variables	Nonrecidivist group (n)	Recidivist group (n)	χ^2 (p)	φ
No intellectual difficulties	6	16	1.29	.17
Intellectual difficulties	10	13	(.353)
No acting out diagnosis	9	21	1.21	.–16
Acting out diagnosis	7	8	(.331)
No truancy	12	8	9.39	.46
Truancy	4	21	(.004)
Not victim of sex abuse	10	17	.06	.04
Victim of sex abuse	6	12	(1.00)
No sex abusive family member	13	20	.80	.13
Sex abusive family member	3	9	(.491)
Not victim of emotional abuse	6	5	2.29	.23
Victim of emotional abuse	10	24	(.161)
Not victim of physical abuse	7	13	.01	.–01
Victim of physical abuse	9	16	(1.00)
Nonseparated parents	8	6	4.13	.30
Separated parents	8	23	(.053)
Not lived in foster-home	12	15	2.33	.28
Lived in foster-home	4	14	(.204)
Not known to social services	7	8	1.21	.16
Known to social services	9	21	(.331)
Not victim of bullying	3	14	3.82	.–29
Victim of bullying	13	15	(.062)
Have not bullied others	12	17	1.21	.16
Have bullied others	4	12	(.341)
No other criminal activities	12	10	6.78	.39
Other criminal activities	4	19	(.013)
No alcohol/drug abuse	16	16	10.09	.47
Alcohol/drug abuse	0	13	(.001)
Parents not abusing alcohol/drugs	14	19	2.55	.24
Parents abusing alcohol/drugs	2	10	(.164)
Both parents born in Sweden	14	15	7.62	.42
At least one parent born abroad	1	14	(.007)
First offence against a child	15	17	6.19	.37
First offence against peer/adult	1	12	(.016)
First offence against sibling	7	14	.08	.04
First offence against nonsibling	9	15	(1.00)
Under 14 at first offence	10	15	.48	.10
Over 14 at first offence	6	14	(.544)

Table 2 Descriptives regarding the ASOAP questionnaire for the non-recidivist and recidivist groups, and group comparison results.

ASOAP questionnaire	Nonrecidivist group M (SD)	Recidivist group M (SD)	t (p)	Cohen’s d
Social desirability	51.0 (14.9)	52.0 (13.2)	–.23 (.822)	–.07
Self-esteem	7.0	7.0	197.0	–.13
self-derogation^a	(25.2)	(21.8)	(.393)
Children’s assertiveness	14.4	16.0	–.69	–.21
behavior scale	(7.7)	(7.5)	(.496)
Emotional loneliness	34.6	37.1	–.91	–.29
	(8.5)	(9.0)	(.367)
Interpersonal reactivity	48.1	51.4	–.72	–.23
inventory	(11.5)	(16.7)	(.476)
Locus of control	11.5	14.5	–1.91	–.63
	(3.6)	(5.7)	(.062)
Novaco anger	138.6	143.2	–.60	–.19
questionnaire	(22.9)	(25.4)	(.550)
Impulsivity	6.3	9.7	–2.39	–.76
	(4.2)	(4.7)	(.021)
Sexual knowledge and beliefs	12.9	16.8	–2.30	–.75
	(4.8)	(5.5)	(.027)
Social sexual	19.0	19.1	–.04	–.02
desirability	(6.1)	(6.6)	(.971)
Cognitive distortions	19.7	14.6	1.68	.54
scale	(10.4)	(8.3)	(.101)
Emotional congruence	16.6	18.7	–.58	–.19
	scale(11.4)	(11.2)	(.563)

^a Median and (mean rank) are the descriptive values for this variable which was analysed with the Mann–Whitney U-test and r for the effect size value.